Light intensity and image visualization of GDI injector sprays according to nozzle hole arrangements

The light intensity measurement and image visualization of multi-hole injection spray due to different hole arrangements and hole numbers were investigated. The light intensities and behavior characteristics of the GDI spray were analyzed through the axial and diagonal spray penetration, cone angle, and spray area from the spray images by using the image visualization system and image analysis system. The atomization performance of GDI injectors was analyzed by the local and overall Sauter mean diameter (SMD) measurement.     

Correlation coefficient of dual hesitant fuzzy sets and its application to multiple attribute decision making

A dual hesitant fuzzy set (DHFS) consists of two parts, that is, the membership hesitancy function and the nonmembership hesitancy function, supporting a more exemplary and flexible access to assign values for each element in the domain, and can handle two kinds of hesitancy in this situation. It can be considered as a powerful tool to express uncertain information in the process of group decision making. Therefore, we propose a correlation coefficient between DHFSs as a new extension of existing correlation coefficients for hesitant fuzzy sets and intuitionistic fuzzy sets and apply it to multiple attribute decision making under dual hesitant fuzzy environments. Through the weighted correlation coefficient between each alternative and the ideal alternative, the ranking order of all alternatives can be determined and the best alternative can be easily identified as well. Finally, a practical example of investment alternatives is given to demonstrate the practicality and effectiveness of the developed approach.     

Vesicle formation between single-chained cationic surfactants and ribo-oligonucleotides

Recently,we reported that deoxyribo-oligonucleotides could induce single chained cationic surfactant aggregation to form vesicles.In this paper,we will present that ribo-oligonucleotides can also induce vesicle formation,and compared with deoxyribo-oligonucleotides,ribo-oligonucleotides exhibit a higher inductive efficiency.     

Determination of limonin in dog plasma by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and its application to a pharmacokinetic study

A highly sensitive liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the determination of limonin in beagle dog plasma using nimodipine as internal standard. The analyte and internal standard (IS) were extracted with ether followed by a rapid isocratic elution with 10 mm ammonium acetate buffer–methanol (26:74, v/v) on a C₁₈ column (150 × 2.1 mm i.d.) and subsequent analysis by mass spectrometry in the multiple reaction monitoring mode. The precursor to product ion transitions of m/z 469.4 → 229.3 and m/z 417.2 → 122.0 were used to measure the analyte and the IS. The assay was linear over the concentration range of 0.625–100 ng/mL for limonin in dog plasma. The lower limit of quantification was 0.312 ng/mL and the extraction recovery was >90.4% for limonin. The inter‐ and intra‐day precision of the method at three concentrations was less than 9.9%. The method was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic study of limonin in dogs. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Development of a stable isotope dilution UPLC‐MS/MS method for quantification of dexmedetomidine in a small amount of human plasma

Dexmedetomidine (Dex) is a selective central α2‐agonist with anesthetic properties and has been used in clinical practice for sedation in the intensive care unit (ICU) after operations. In this study, an analytical assay for the determination of Dex in a small amount of plasma was developed for the application to pediatric ICU trials. The quantification of Dex was constructed using the original stable isotope Dex‐d₃ for electrospray ionization‐tandem mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS/MS) in the selected reaction monitoring mode. A rapid ultra‐performance liquid chromatography technique was adopted using ESI‐MS/MS with a runtime of 3 min. Efficacious concentration levels (50 pg/mL to 5 ng/mL) could be evaluated using a very small amount of plasma (10 μL) from patients. The lower limit of the quantification was 5 pg/mL in the plasma (100 µL). For sample preparation, a solid‐phase extraction was used along with the OASIS‐HLB cartridge type. Recovery values ranged from 98.8 to 100.3% for the intra‐ [relative standard deviation (RSD), 0.9–1.3%] and inter‐ (RSD, 0.9–1.5%) day assays. A stable test had recovery values that ranged from 97.8 to 99.7% with an RSD of 1.0–1.9% for the process/wet extract, bench‐top, freeze–thaw and long‐term tests. This method was used to measure the Dex levels in plasma from pediatric ICU patients. In the clinical ICU trial, the small amount of blood (approximate plasma volume, 200 μL) remaining from blood gas analysis was reused and targeted for the clinical analysis of Dex in plasma. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Note on generalized Wiener integrals

We establish a change of path formula for generalized Wiener integrals and develop a rotation theorem for Wiener measure with respect to Gaussian paths.     

加速器质谱用NH4HfF5的分离条件及热稳定性研究

研究了不同淋洗液浓度对加速器质谱测量用NH4HfF5制样过程中阳离子交换产额的影响,用重量法对阳离子交换产额进行了测量。研究了多相法合成的NH4HfF5样品热稳定性,用XRD表征了不同温度处理下样品物相的变化情况。研究了三种(液相、固相和多相)合成方法对样品中180HfF5-离子束流和19F-/16O-比值的影响,用离子源进行了测量。结果表明:在阳离子交换过程选择60mL 1mol/L HCl为淋洗液时,阳离子交换产额可达97%。多相法合成的NH4HfF5样品在573K热处理1h后物相转变为NH4Hf2F9,在773 K、973 K、1173 K和1373 K热处理1h后物相则转变为HfO2,说明在热处理温度高于573 K后NH4HfF5热稳定较差。多相法合成的NH4HfF5样品中19F-/16O-比值能达到35,180HfF5-离子束流能达到560 nA,优于液相和固相法合成的样品。