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81.
Kumpulainen AJ Persson CM Eriksson JC 《Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids》2004,20(25):10935-10942
Measurements of surface tension isotherms were conducted for water solutions of pure and mixed n-decyl-beta-d-glucopyranoside (C(10)-Glu) and n-decyl-beta-d-maltopyranoside (C(10)-Mal) surfactants. By applying the Gibbs surface tension equation, the surface densities of Glu and Mal were derived for different compositions and concentrations. The surface fractions were compared with theoretically calculated values where the headgroups were modeled as hard disks. Satisfactory agreement was found for hard-disk sizes of 22.9 and 11.3 A(2) in the case of a 1:1 mixture. The results of the hard-disk calculations were employed to estimate the configurational free energy of the n-decyl-hydrocarbon chain. The results obtained agree well with previous calculations for the n-dodecyl chain. Comparison with n-dodecyl beta-d-maltopyranoside (C(12)-Mal) indicated a further contribution, with the longer hydrocarbon chain giving rise to a higher surface tension in good agreement with data for hydrocarbon liquids. Furthermore, the interpenetration of the headgroup into the hydrocarbon film was studied by means of comparing surface-tension data for n-decyl- and n-dodecyl-ethylene-oxide-based surfactants and n-decyl- and n-dodecyl-beta-d-thiomaltopyranosides (C(10)-S-Mal and C(12)-S-Mal, respectively) and -maltopyranosides. It was found that lengthening the tetra(etylene oxide) chain by one segment affects the surface tension only marginally, indicating little interpenetration of the additional ethylene-oxide group into the hydrocarbon film. For the thiomaltosides, however, the corresponding effect was found to be remarkably high. 相似文献
82.
A comparative study has been made on the reactions of RE oxides (RE = Y, La, Gd and Lu) with ammonium bromide, and of yttrium oxide with ammonium halides NH4X (X = F, Cl, Br and I) at different temperatures. Most of the reactions take place in three stages, with formation of two intermediate compounds, REX3 · 3 NH3 and REX3 · 1.5 NH3. The endothermic reactions begin between 200 and 300°C and the formation of the RE oxyhalide is completed between 340 and 470°C. These temperatures were observed to rise with the increasing atomic number of RE in the series LaOBrLuOBr, and of halide in the series YOFYOI. 相似文献
83.
The additions of chlorine, bromine and bromine chloride to trans methyl 2-butenoate 1, trans methyl 2-methyl-2-butenoate 2 and methyl 3-methyl-2-butenoate 3 under ionic conditions were studied. Bromine chloride addition always gave as a major regioisomer the 2-bromo-3--chloro compound,almost quantitatively in the case of 3. The mechanism of bromonium ion ring-opening (SN1 or SN2) is discussed with respect to the double bond substitution and regioisomer proportions. The dihalo products were identified by MS, 1H and 13C NMR. 相似文献
84.
85.
Jorma Matikainen Seppo KaltiaMaija Ala-Peijari Ninna Petit-GrasKirsi Harju Jaakko HeikkiläRaija Yksjärvi Tapio Hase 《Tetrahedron》2003,59(4):567-573
Heating a mixture formed by alkali isomerization of methyl linolenoate (1) produces a complex mixture with the bicyclic hexahydroindenoic esters 4β-(7-methoxycarbonylheptyl)-5α-methyl-2,3,3aα,4,5,7aαhexahydroindene (CL5) and 4β-ethyl-5α-(6-methoxycarbonylhexyl)-2,3,3aα,4,5,7aα-hexahydroindene (CL6) as main components. Similar isomerization reactions of three synthetic model compounds, methyl 9Z,13E,15Z-octadecatrienoate (2), 9Z,14E,16E-octadecatrienoate (4) and 9Z,11E,15Z-octadecatrienoate (5) corroborated the results obtained with alkali isomerized methyl linolenoate. 相似文献
86.
Kumpulainen H Järvinen T Saari R Lehtonen M Vepsäläinen J 《The Journal of organic chemistry》2005,70(22):9056-9058
[reaction: see text] A versatile, efficient, and simple method for the preparation of various 1-chloroethyl phosphates and phosphoramidates is described. The protected chlorophosphates or phosphoramidates are synthesized to the vinyl derivative under mild conditions, followed by conversion to the chloroethylidene phosphate or phosphoramidate by dry HCl gas, resulting in good to excellent yields. 1-Chloroethyl phosphates and phosphoramidates are excellent building blocks for the synthesis of novel ethylidene-linked phosphate prodrugs. 相似文献
87.
The kinetics of the radical reactions of CH3 with HCl or DCl and CD3 with HCl or DCl have been investigated in a temperature controlled tubular reactor coupled to a photoionization mass spectrometer. The CH3 (or CD3) radical, R, was produced homogeneously in the reactor by a pulsed 193 nm exciplex laser photolysis of CH3COCH3 (or CD3COCD3). The decay of CH3/CD3 was monitored as a function of HCl/DCl concentration under pseudo-first-order conditions to determine the rate constants as a function of temperature, typically from 188 to 500 K. The rate constants of the CH3 and CD3 reactions with HCl had strong non-Arrhenius behavior at low temperatures. The rate constants were fitted to a modified Arrhenius expression k = QA exp (−Ea/RT) (error limits stated are 1σ + Students t values, units in cm3 molecule−1 s−1): k(CH3 + HCl) = [1.004 + 85.64 exp (−0.02438 × T/K)] × (3.3 ± 1.3) × 10−13 exp [−(4.8 ± 0.6) kJ mol−1/RT] and k(CD3 + HCl) = [1.002 + 73.31 exp (−0.02505 × T/K)] × (2.7 ± 1.2) × 10−13 exp [−(3.5 ± 0.5) kJ mol−1/RT]. The radical reactions with DCl were studied separately over a wide ranges of temperatures and in these temperature ranges the rate constants determined were fitted to a conventional Arrhenius expression k = A exp (−Ea/RT) (error limits stated are 1σ + Students t values, units in cm3 molecule−1 s−1): k(CH3 + DCl) = (2.4 ± 1.6) × 10−13 exp [−(7.8 ± 1.4) kJ mol−1/RT] and k(CD3 + DCl) = (1.2 ± 0.4) × 10−13 exp [−(5.2 ± 0.2) kJ mol−1/RT] cm3 molecule−1 s−1. 相似文献
88.
Iko Hyppänen Jorma Hölsä Jouko Kankare Mika Lastusaari Laura Pihlgren Tero Soukka 《Journal of fluorescence》2011,21(3):963-969
Up-converting NaRF4-NaR′F4 (R: Y, Yb, Er) nanomaterials with different core-shell combinations were prepared with the co-precipitation method. The X-ray
powder diffraction (XPD) measurements revealed the presence of both the cubic and hexagonal NaRF4 phases. The crystallite sizes calculated with the Scherrer formula were 100 and 150 nm for the cubic and hexagonal phases,
respectively. The FT-IR spectra showed water impurities. The up-conversion luminescence and luminescence decays were studied
with NIR laser excitation at 970 nm. The up-conversion luminescence spectra showed strong red (640–685 nm) (4F9/2 → 4I15/2) and moderate green (515–560 nm) (2H11/2,
4S3/2 → 4I15/2) Er3+ luminescence. The strongest up-conversion luminescence and longest red luminescence decay was obtained from the Na(Y,Yb)F4-NaErF4 core-shell combination. 相似文献
89.
In this work, an existence theorem for the nonlinear quadratic two-point boundary value problems of functional differential equations is proved using a nonlinear alternative of Leray–Schauder type involving the product of two operators in Banach algebras. An example is also given to illustrate the abstract results presented here. 相似文献
90.
Jari Hyväluoma Vesa Niemi Mahesh Thapaliya Eila Turtola Jorma Järnstedt Jussi Timonen 《Transport in Porous Media》2018,121(2):353-368
The lattice Boltzmann method is increasingly utilized in the simulation of flow-induced wall shear stress needed in various applications. In image-based flow simulations, the simulation geometry is usually based on a three-dimensional reconstruction of the true structure of the pore space obtained, for example, by X-ray tomography. The geometry is then given in a voxel-based representation, which complicates an accurate determination of the surface-normal vectors that are necessary in the computation of the wall shear stress. To avoid this problem, we introduce here a method for the determination of surface-normal vectors directly from a greyscale image instead of its segmented binary image version. The proposed method is fast and automatic, and it can be used for an arbitrary pore space geometry provided in a greyscale form by any imaging modality. We show that this method can produce accurate surface-normal vectors even for binary images and that their accuracy is further increased when the original greyscale images are used instead. We compute wall shear stresses for generated benchmark geometries and then demonstrate the utility of the method for soil samples with ‘random’ pores imaged by X-ray tomography. 相似文献