Modeling the Dynamics and Kinematics of a Telescopic Rotary Crane by the Bond Graph Method: Part I

Cranes employed for load transfer are large volume machines and canbe designed to accomplish linear, planar or spatial motions dependingon the intended use. Understanding the dynamic behavior of thesesystems, which have a load-carrying capacity of hundreds of tonnes, ishighly noteworthy for system design, control, and work safety. Inthis study, a theoretical model of a spatially actuated telescopic rotarycrane is obtained with provided assumptions using Bond Graph techniques.Following the modeling of an actuation system and of a main structure,unification of these two is accomplished. Since the overall system consistsof high nonlinearity originating from geometric nonlinearity, gyroscopicforces, hydraulic compressibility, and elastic boom structure, the resultingderivative causality problem caused by rigidly coupled inertia elementsis addressed for this highly nonlinear system and consequential systemstate-space equations are presented.     

Theory of unsteady heat conduction in multicomponent finite regions

Summary General solutions of the heat conduction equation are obtained analytically in a rigid, finite body of arbitrary shape and composed of an arbitrary number of isotropic components in imperfect thermal contact. The solutions for the unsteady temperature distributions incorporate arbitrary heat sources and initial conditions, and time-dependent boundary conditions. Various forms of the solutions are given and the reduction of the general problem to simpler ones is indicated.

---

Übersicht Es werden allgemeine Lösungen der Wärmeleitungsgleichung für einen starren, endlich ausgedehnten Körper beliebiger Gestalt angegeben. Der Körper ist aus einer beliebigen Anzahl isotroper Teilkörper aufgebaut, die untereinander einen unvollständigen thermischen Kontakt haben. Bei den Lösungen für die nichtstationären Temperaturverteilungen werden beliebige Wärmequellen, beliebige Anfangsbedingungen und zeitveränderliche Randbedingungen berücksichtigt. Es werden verschiedene Formen der Lösungen angegeben und es wird gezeigt, in welchen Fällen sich das allgemeine Problem vereinfacht behandeln läßt.

     

Further consideration to the determination of viscometric data from the Brookfield Synchro-Lectric Viscometer

Summary Techniques for obtaining the apparent viscosity of non-Newtonian materials from the Brookfield Synchro-Lectric Viscometer are discussed for rotating discs, spheres, and cylinders. Results from approximate methods, suitable for hand calculation, and from computer programs applied to data obtained from various test fluids are compared with viscometric results from other commercial rheometers. It is shown that both the results from the approximate methods used, and from the computer programs are in good agreement with the known fluid behaviour, and that the approximate methods provide a simple means of obtaining reliable viscometric data. The computational methods used for spheres and discs give better agreement with the known viscometric liquid behaviour but may suffer somewhat on comparison with the approximate methods, due to the extra sophistication in their implementation.

---

Zusammenfassung Es werden Methoden zur Berechnung der Viskosität nicht-newtonscher Flüssigkeiten aus Messungen mit dem Brookfield-(Synchro-Lectric-)Viskosimeter für rotierende Scheiben, Kugeln und Zylinder diskutiert. Die Ergebnisse der Anwendung von Näherungsmethoden, wie sie für Rechnungen von Hand geeignet sind, und von Computer-Programmen auf verschiedene Testflüssigkeiten werden mit den Ergebnissen von Viskositätsmessungen mittels anderer kommerzieller Rheometer verglichen. Es wird gezeigt, daß sowohl die Ergebnisse der Näherungsmethoden als auch der Computerprogramme sich in guter Übereinstimmung mit dem bekannten viskosimetrischen Verhalten der Flüssigkeiten befinden und die Näherungsmethoden ein einfaches Mittel zur Gewinnung zuverlässiger Viskositätsdaten darstellen. Die Computermethoden ergeben für Kugeln und Scheiben zwar eine bessere Übereinstimmung mit dem bekannten Viskositätsverhalten, doch sind sie im Vergleich zu den Näherungsmethoden im Nachteil im Hinblick auf den höheren Aufwand, der zu ihrer Durchführung nötig ist.

---

---

With 14 figures and 1 table     

Expansion ratio effects on the separated shear layer and reattachment downstream of a backward-facing step

Experiments were carried out to study the behavior of the incompressible turbulent separated shear layer and subsequent reattachment, downstream of a backward-facing step in a channel. The main objective of the study was to determine the effect of the expansion ratio on the development of the mean velocity and turbulence intensity in the shear layer and on the evolution of wall static pressure downstream of the step. The step height-to-upstream channel height ratio was varied between 0.5 and 2.13 while all inlet conditions were kept constant. Both hot-wire anemometry and frequency shifted laser Doppler anemometry were used for the velocity measurements. The Reynolds number based on free stream velocity and channel height upstream of the step was 16,600. The expansion ratio was found to have a particularly strong influence in the development of the turbulent, separated shear layer. Larger step height-to-inlet channel height ratios lead to higher turbulence intensities and faster growth of the unstable shear layer. As a result of this, shorter normalized reattachment lengths occurred with lager expansion ratios. For all the expansion ratios studied, the mean reattachment lenght was uniform along the spanwise direction except very near the side walls.     

Verification of higher-order discontinuous Galerkin method for hexahedral elements

A high-order implementation of the Discontinuous Galerkin (dg) method is presented for solving the three-dimensional Linearized Euler Equations on an unstructured hexahedral grid. The method is based on a quadrature free implementation and the high-order accuracy is obtained by employing higher-degree polynomials as basis functions. The present implementation is up to fourth-order accurate in space. For the time discretization a four-stage Runge–Kutta scheme is used which is fourth-order accurate. Non-reflecting boundary conditions are implemented at the boundaries of the computational domain.The method is verified for the case of the convection of a 1D compact acoustic disturbance. The numerical results show that the rate of convergence of the method is of order $p+1$ in the mesh size, with p the order of the basis functions. This observation is in agreement with analysis presented in the literature. To cite this article: H. Özdemir et al., C. R. Mecanique 333 (2005).     

Incorporation of polymer diffusivity and migration into constitutive equations

Given a general one-particle constitutive equation for the stress tensor, we discuss how to incorporate the additional effects of polymer diffusivity and migration into that constitutive equation within the framework of continuum mechanics. For the example of an upper-convected Maxwell model representing the polymer contribution to the stress tensor of a dilute polymer solution, we describe i) how to modify the constitutive equation for the stress tensor to include diffusion and migration effects, ii) how to formulate a balance equation for the polymer mass density in order to describe the nonhomogeneous composition of the polymer solution resulting from migration, and iii) how to close the extended set of coupled equations by means of further constitutive equations for the migration velocity and the diffusion tensor. In order to guarantee the material objectivity for all equations, we formulate them in the body tensor formulation of continuum mechanics (and then translate them into Cartesian space). The proposed equations are compared to results of a recent kinetic-theory approach.Dedicated to Professor Arthur S. Lodge on the occasion of his 70th birthday and his retirement from the University of Wisconsin.     

Spectral Bounds on the Solution of Linear Time-Periodic Systems

Linear time-periodic systems arise whenever a nonlinear system is linearized about a periodic trajectory. Stability of the solution may be proven by rigorous bounds on the solution. The key idea of this paper is to derive Chebyshev projection bounds on the original system by solving an approximated system. Depending on the smoothness of the original function, we formulate two upper bounds. The theoretical results are illustrated and compared to trigonometric spline bounds by means of two examples which include an anisotropic rotor-bearing system. (© 2014 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Vibrational investigation of 1-cyclopentylpiperazine: A combined experimental and theoretical study

FT-IR and Raman spectra of 1-cyclopentylpiperazine(1cppp)have been experimentally examined in the region of 4000–200cm-1.The optimized geometric parameters,conformational equilibria,normal mode frequencies and corresponding vibrational assignments of 1cppp(C9H18N2)are theoretically examined by means of B3LYP hybrid density functional theory(DFT)method together with 6-31++G(d,p)basis set.On the basis of potential energy distribution(PED)reliable vibrational assignments have been made and the thermodynamics functions,highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals(HOMO and LUMO)of 1cppp have been predicted.Calculations are employed for four different conformations in C1 and Cs point groups of 1cppp in gas phase.Comparison between the experimental and theoretical results indicates that B3LYP method is able to provide satisfactory results for predicting vibrational frequencies and the structural parameters,vibrational frequencies and assignments.Furthermore,C1(equatorial-axial)point group has been found as the most stable conformer of 1cppp.     

On the exact number of solutions of certain linearized equations

In this note we have revisited some of the results of Trachtenberg (On the cross-correlation functions of maximal linear sequences, Ph.D. thesis, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 1970), which are directly related with the number of solutions of some special linearized polynomials over finite fields. In some cases we give improvements. Also, we give some results on the exact number of solutions of certain linearized equations depending on the coefficients of that equation.