Calcul des diagrammes de fusion de melanges ternaires. Technique numerique et application au systeme NaCl-CaCl2-MgCl2

An efficient numerical method for the calculation of the ternary phase diagrams is presented. The results obtained with the NaCl-CaCl₂-MgCl₂ ternary system are given.     

Calibration and applications of the ΔMP2 method for calculating core electron binding energies

We calibrated a method for the evaluation of core electron binding energies, based on the energy differences between the cation and neutral molecule evaluated at the level of M?ller-Plesset perturbation theory. The central feature of the method is the use of a mixed basis set: a large all-electron basis set is used for the atom whose core electron is removed, while the model core potential basis set is employed for all remaining atoms. Calibration was carried out for 55 molecules and 114 binding energies of 1s core electrons for the atoms C, N, O, and F. The average absolute deviation for all the core electron binding energies is 0.163 eV. The method was applied to the calculation of the core electron binding energies of five nucleic acid bases (uracil, adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine) and several of their low-energy tautomers.     

Synthesis of 3E- And 6E-Monosulfated and 3E,6E-Disulfated Lewis X Pentasaccharides,Candidate Ligands for Human L-Selectin

ABSTRACT

Condensation of perbenzyl fucosyl bromide 4 with the known 2-acetamido derivative 1 and with the 2-phthalimido analog 3 gave, respectively, disaccharides 5 and 6 which, after reductive opening of the benzylidene group were glycosylated using peracetylated galactose trichloroacetimidate to give trisaccharides 10 and 11. After removal of the anomeric p-methoxybenzyl group and subsequent activation as the trichloroacetimidate, condensation onto the known lactose derivative 16 afforded protected pentasaccharides 18 and 17 in 24 and 70% yields, respectively. Compound 17 was transformed into 18 by a conventional method in 77% yield making the phthalimido route overall more attractive. The terminal galactose was then selectively deprotected and sulfated at the 3e, 6e and both 3e,6e positions to give the title compounds after complete deprotection.     

Prilocaine-cyclodextrin-liposome: effect of pH variations on the encapsulation and topology of a ternary complex using 1H NMR

A better comprehension of the prilocaine (PLC)-β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) complex liberation to membranes was provided by studying the architectural supramolecular arrangements of PLC, β-CD and egg phosphatidylcholine (EPC) liposomes, a membrane model. The topologies and possible interactions of mixtures of PLC, β-CD and EPC liposomes were investigated by nuclear magnetic resonances combining experimental (1)H-NMR (1D ROESY, STD and DOSY) at different pHs. The results indicate that in the mixture PLC/β-CD/EPC at pH 10 the PLC molecules are almost totally embedded into the liposomes and little interaction was observed between PLC and β-CD. However, at pH 5.5 not only was PLC imbedded in the EPC bilayer, but PLC was also interacting with β-CD. These results were rationalized as a spontaneous PLC release from β-CD to liposomes vesicles, whereas the PLC/EPC complex formation was higher at pH 10 than pH 5.5.     

Self-organized poly(n-octadecylsilsesquioxane) films via sol-gel photopolymerization

We describe a novel solvent- and water-free sol-gel process for n-octadecyltriclorosilane (C(18)H(37)SiCl(3)) film catalyzed by photogenerated Br?nsted acids. Driven by hydrophobic van der Waals interactions, a photoinduced self-assembly process occurs to afford a long-range ordered lamellar mesostructure, characterized by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Real-time Fourier transform IR spectroscopy was instrumental to probe the fast hydrolysis kinetics and assess the change of conformational behavior of the alkyl chains during UV irradiation. A unique combination of different solid-state NMR techniques ((29)Si, (13)C, (1)H) provided an insight into the supramolecular organization of this hybrid film.     

Anti-Nogo-A antibody treatment does not prevent cell body shrinkage in the motor cortex in adult monkeys subjected to unilateral cervical cord lesion

Background

After unilateral cervical cord lesion at the C7/C8 border interrupting the dorsolateral funiculus in adult monkeys, neutralization of Nogo-A using a specific monoclonal antibody promoted sprouting of corticospinal (CS) axons rostral and caudal to the lesion and, in parallel, improved functional recovery. In monkeys lesioned but not treated with the anti-Nogo-A antibody, the CS neurons in the contralesional primary motor cortex (M1) survived to the axotomy, but their soma shrank. Because the anti-Nogo-A treatment induces regeneration and/or sprouting of CS axons, it may improve access to neurotrophic factors. The question therefore arises as to whether anti-Nogo-A treatment prevents the soma shrinkage observed in the contralesional M1?

Results

Using the marker SMI-32, a quantitative and qualitative anatomical assessment of the pyramidal neurons in the layer V (thus including the CS cells) in M1 was performed and compared across three groups of animals: intact monkeys (n = 5); monkeys subjected to the cervical cord lesion and treated with a control antibody (n = 4); monkeys with the cervical lesion and treated with anti-Nogo-A antibody (n = 5). SMI-32 positive neurons on the side contralateral to the lesion were generally less well stained than those on the ipsilesional hemisphere, suggesting that they expressed less neurofilaments. Nevertheless, in all three groups of monkeys, the amount of SMI-32 positive neurons in both hemispheres was generally comparable, confirming the notion that most axotomized CS neurons survived. However, shrinkage of CS cell body area was observed in the contralesional hemisphere in the two groups of lesioned monkeys. The cell surface shrinkage was found to be of the same magnitude in the monkeys treated with the anti-Nogo-A antibody as in the control antibody treated monkeys.

Conclusion

The anti-Nogo-A antibody treatment did not preserve the axotomized CS cells from soma shrinkage, indicating that the anti-Nogo-A antibody treatment affects morphologically the axotomized CS neurons mainly at distal levels, especially the axon collateralization in the cervical cord, and little or not at all at the level of their soma.

     

Reactive processing of syndiotactic polystyrene with an epoxy/amine solvent system

Syndiotactic polystyrene (sPS) is a new semi-crystalline thermoplastic which is believed to fill the price-performance gap between engineering and commodity plastics. In order to reduce the high processing temperature of sPS (>290°C), an epoxy-amine model system was used as a reactive solvent. Such a processing aid can be used to achieve a 50 to 500 fold lowering of the melt viscosity. When initially homogeneous solutions of sPS in a stoechiometric epoxy-amine mixture are thermally cured, Reaction Induced Phase Separation (RIPS) takes place, leading to phase separated thermoplastic-thermoset polymer blends. We focus our study on low (wt% sPS < 20%) and high concentration blends (wt% sPS > 60%) prepared by two processing techniques (mechanical stirring in a laboratory reactor or internal mixer/ reactive extrusion respectively). These blends have different potential interests. Low concentration blends (sPS domains in an epoxy-amine matrix) are prepared to create new, tunable blend morphologies by choosing the nature of the phase separation process, i.e. either crystallisation followed by polymerization or polymerization followed crystallisation. High concentration blends (sPS matrix containing dispersed epoxy-amine particles after RIPS) are prepared to facilitate the extrusion of sPS. In this case, the epoxy amine model system served as a reactive solvent. The time to the onset of RIPS is in the order of 7-9 min for low concentration blends, while it increases to 20-45 min for high concentration samples, as the reaction rates are substantially slowed down due to lower epoxy and amine concentrations. During the curing reaction the melting temperature of sPS in the reactive solvent mixture evolves back from a depressed value to the level of pure sPS. This indicates a change in the composition of the sPS phase, caused by (complete) phase separation upon reaction. We conclude that our epoxy amine system is suited for reactive processing of sPS, where final properties depend strongly on composition and processing conditions.