Zn改性的Pt/SAPO-11催化剂及其提高二甲基烷烃选择性

随着环保法规的日益苛刻,世界各国对发动机燃料指标的要求也越来越严格,汽油组分中的烯烃含量逐渐被限制.作为提高汽油辛烷值的有效手段,正构烷烃的临氢异构化越来越引起人们的重视.烷烃碳数相同时,具有多支链的异构体往往具有更高的辛烷值.因此,在正构烷烃临氢异构化过程中,提高多支链异构体的选择性具有重要意义.Pt/SAPO-11作为双功能催化剂具有适宜的孔结构、温和的酸性和适度的加氢脱氢活性,在烷烃临氢异构化反应中表现出色,得到了广泛研究.已有文献报道中,通过添加第二金属改性可以调节双功能催化剂的物理化学性质,进而影响其催化活性和产物选择性.为了提高异构产物选择性,特别是多支链异构产物的选择性,本文研究了Zn改性的Pt/SAPO-11催化剂在正辛烷临氢异构化中的反应性能,与未改性的Pt/SAPO-11催化剂相比,Zn改性的Pt/SAPO-11催化剂表现出更高的二甲基烷烃选择性.通过动态合成方法合成SAPO-11分子筛,进而制备Zn改性的Pt/SAPO-11催化剂.XRD表征表明,Pt和Zn的引入基本没有引起SAPO-11特征峰改变,并且未发现Pt和Zn氧化物的特征峰,说明金属组分得到很好的分散.氮气吸附-脱附实验表明,随着Zn添加量的增加,载体的比表面积和孔体积略有减少.NH3-TPD和吡啶红外光谱用于表征Zn的加入对催化剂酸性的影响,结果表明,少量Zn的添加可以增加酸量,这是由于Zn的引入可以产生L酸性位;而随着Zn的增加,总酸量减少,这是由于过多的Zn覆盖了载体的酸性位.H2-TPR和H2-TPD表征发现,Zn的引入使得Pt在高温处的还原峰减小,说明Zn改变了Pt在载体上的位置,使其主要负载在分子筛外表面.由于Zn2+是阳离子并具有较小的离子半径,它可以作为竞争吸附剂,首先进入分子筛孔道从而抑制了Pt进入分子筛孔道.H2-TPD表明,Zn的引入使得H2的脱附温度逐渐降低,这与Zn增加了Pt的分散度有关;但是当Zn的添加量达到0.7%时,H2的脱附温度升高,同时溢流氢增加.以正辛烷为模型化合物,在固定床高压微型反应装置中对一系列催化剂进行了评价,考察了Zn改性的Pt/SAPO-11催化剂和未改性的Pt/SAPO-11催化剂的催化性能.与未改性催化剂相比,Zn改性的催化剂在相同转化率条件下,异辛烷的选择性基本相同,但是二甲基己烷的选择性明显提高.当Zn的添加量为0.5%时,二甲基己烷选择性达到最大值,继续提高Zn的添加量,其选择性下降.值得注意的是,在相同反应条件下,未改性的催化剂具有更高的正辛烷转化率.我们分析认为,由于Zn的添加促进了二甲基己烷的产生,而其具有较大的分子尺寸,在反应中存在扩散问题,影响了改性催化剂的异构化活性.本文工作表明,适宜的Zn添加量有利于提高二甲基烷烃的选择性,对于提高汽油辛烷值具有重要意义.     

Preparation of single-walled carbon nanotube fiber coating for solid-phase microextraction of organochlorine pesticides in lake water and wastewater

The feasibility of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) as adsorbents for solid-phase microextraction was investigated by using organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) as model compounds. SWCNTs were attached onto a stainless steel wire through organic binder. Potential factors affecting the extraction efficiency were optimized, including extraction time, extraction temperature, desorption time, desorption temperature, and salinity. The developed method has a linear range of 2-800 ng/L for most analytes, with coefficients of correlation ranging from 0.9911 to 0.9996, LODs ranged from 0.19 to 3.77 ng/L (S/N = 3), and RSDs in the range of 3.5-13.9% (n = 5). Compared with the commercial PDMS fiber, the SWCNT fiber has better thermal stability (over 350 degrees C) and longer life span (over 150 times). The developed method was applied to determine trace OCPs in lake water and wastewater samples with external standard calibration. Results showed that OCP contamination was very low in these samples, and HCHs were detected in almost all water samples while DDT concentrations were almost under detection limits in these samples. Recoveries obtained at 20 ng/L spiking level were in the range of 88.4-111% for OCPs in lake water. For wastewater samples, however, the recoveries were satisfactory for HCHs (63.6-97.1%) but relatively low for DDTs (44.7-116%) due to the high content of organic matter in wastewater.     

Chiral separation of amino acids by capillary electrophoresis with octyl-beta-thioglucopyranoside as chiral selector

In the present work, we propose the use of direct coupling of a headspace sampler to a mass spectrometer for the detection of adulterants in olive oil. Samples of olive oils were mixed with different proportions of sunflower oil and olive-pomace oil, respectively, and patterns of the volatile compounds in the original and mixed samples were generated. Application of the linear discriminant analysis technique to the data from the signals was sufficient to differentiate the adulterated from the non-adulterated oils and to discriminate the type of adulteration. The results obtained revealed 100% success in classification and close to 100% in prediction. The main advantages of the proposed methodology are the speed of analysis (since no prior sample preparation steps are required), low cost, and the simplicity of the measuring process.     

CeO2掺杂的PdO纤维催化剂的甲烷催化燃烧活性研究

制备了2%Pd/CeO2/Al2O3-SiO2纤维催化剂,考察了CeO2对催化剂甲烷催化燃烧活性的影响.结果表明,当CeO2的掺杂量为2%时催化剂活性最好,其甲烷完全转化温度为400 ℃.比表面积测定(BET)结果显示,CeO2的加入提高了催化剂的比表面积;氧气程序升温脱附(O2-TPD)实验结果表明,适量CeO2的加入,提高了活性相PdO的分解温度,催化剂热稳定性提高.     

Symmetries of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and related molecules

The basic groups and some atomic groups in polynucleotide long-chains of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) have been used as the basic structural unit to analyze their molecular symmetry. The basic groups have been treated as the same structural unit in spite of the fact that they have very different intrinsic characteristics. In this paper, we developed bi-double-valued H- and P-representations to distinguish between the various structural units in DNA and RNA. We simulated their molecular symmetries based on our earlier work on the symmetry analysis of cylinder and torus carbon nanotubes. The symmetric and antisymmetric components of some gene segments with some transformations have been calculated in the bi-double-valued HP-representation space. By analyzing the genetic code table, we investigated the distributive features of codons in corresponding H- and P-representations. The results indicate that some characteristics of H- and P-representation carry messages of the corresponding genetic processes in DNA. In addition, we analyzed some topologic features and Möbius twists of torus groups for circular DNA.     

Effect of various environmental factors on the adsorption of U(VI) onto biochar derived from rice straw

Herein, we used biochar pyrolyzed from rice straw to adsorb uranium (U) from aqueous solutions. The adsorption of U(VI) on biochar was strongly dependent on pH but independent on ionic strength. HA/FA enhanced the sorption at pH <6.8 while inhibited the sorption at pH >6.8. The sorption reached equilibrium within 3 h, which was not mediated by pH. The adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic, and enhanced at higher temperature. However, the influence of temperature was negligible at low initial U(VI) concentrations. Therefore, biochar derived from rice straw may be a promising adsorbent for the removal of U(VI).

     

硅钼蓝分光光度法测定湿法磷酸中的二氧化硅

采用硅钼蓝分光光度法直接测定湿法磷酸中的可溶性二氧化硅。显色时,利用草酸消除大量磷酸根的干扰。方法操作简单,稀酸和浓酸中可溶性二氧化硅测定结果的相对标准偏差分别为1.6%、6.2%,加标回收率均在96%~103%,测定结果的准确度及精密度均能满足工业分析的要求。     

高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射检测法测定肉苁蓉中的甜菜碱

建立了高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射检测法测定中药材肉苁蓉中甜菜碱含量的方法。采用Waters Spherisorb S5 NH2 色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm),柱温25 ℃,流动相为0.1%（体积分数）三氟乙酸水溶液-甲醇(体积比为15∶85）,流速0.6 mL/min。蒸发光散射检测器参数：漂移管温度90 ℃,喷雾器温度45 ℃,载气（氮气）压力110 kPa（16 psi）。结果表明,该法具有良好的线性关系,同时,不同种肉苁蓉的测定结果表明：管花肉苁蓉不含甜菜碱,因此建议将甜菜碱作为标志物质来鉴别正品肉苁蓉(Cistanche deserticola Y. C. Ma)和管花肉苁蓉(C. tubulosa (schenk) R. Wight)。     

镉对植物生长的影响及植物耐镉机理研究进展

镉污染问题是全球面临的重大环境污染问题之一。镉污染土壤不仅影响植物的生长发育,而且严重威胁人类的生命健康,一直是国内外研究的热点。概述了不同浓度镉对植物生长的影响、植物吸收、转运镉及植物耐镉机理,指出了今后的主攻方向。     

高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射检测法测定藜芦中的介藜芦碱和藜芦胺

建立了高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射检测(HPLC-ELSD)测定藜芦中介藜芦碱、藜芦胺含量的方法,并对4种藜芦属药材样品进行了测定。采用的色谱柱为Kromasil C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm),以乙腈和0.1%三氟乙酸水溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,洗脱程序为:0～5 min, 20%乙腈; 5～30 min, 20%乙腈～40%乙腈, 30～40 min, 40%乙腈～20%乙腈; 40～45 min, 20%乙腈;流速为0.8 mL/min;柱温为35 ℃;采用ELSD检测,漂移管温度为98 ℃,载气流速2.2 L/min 。介藜芦碱和藜芦胺的线性范围分别为42.05～980 mg/L和43.77～1020 mg/L;平均回收率分别为99.2%和101.4%,相对标准偏差分别为1.7%和2.1% (n=6);信噪比为3时,测得介藜芦碱和藜芦胺最低检测限分别为18.37 mg/kg和21.50 mg/kg。该方法快速简便、灵敏度和分离度好,适用于藜芦药材中活性生物碱的测定。