Effects of ball-to-powder diameter ratio and powder particle shape on EDEM simulation in a planetary ball mill

The effects of the ball-to-powder diameter ratio (BPDR) and the shape of the powder particles on EDEM simulation results and time in the planetary ball mill was investigated. BPDR was varied from 1 to 40/3 by changing the powder particle diameter from 8 to 0.6 ?mm. The size and shape of the powder particles do not give a significant change in both the ball motion pattern and simulation results when BPDR is over 20/3. It can be assumed that the kinetic energy of the ball has nothing to do with the size and shape of the powder particle. The simulation time and data size increase exponentially as BPDR increases. The effect of change of the powder particle shape on the calculated data size is not significant, but the more complicated its shape, the longer the simulation time, which is linearly related to the number of spheres composing a particle.     

Simulation of nuclide migration in a middle- and low-level radioactive waste repository based on GMS

Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry - Groundwater is the most important factor contributing to the diffusion and migration of radionuclides in the repository. In this paper, the...     

ZIF-67/石墨烯复合物衍生的氮掺杂碳限域Co纳米颗粒用于高效电催化氧还原

燃料电池阴极氧还原(ORR)催化剂目前主要以商业Pt/C为主, 其高成本和稀缺性极大地限制了燃料电池的广泛应用. 为了替代Pt/C催化剂, 廉价高效的非贵金属催化剂目前受到了广泛的研究和关注. 利用氧化石墨烯(GO)为诱导模板, 借助表面丰富的含氧官能团, 实现了Co基金属有机框架材料(MOF) (ZIF-67)在GO表面的原位生长, 构筑了ZIF-67/GO层状复合材料. 热解过程中, 石墨烯的存在有效抑制了Co纳米颗粒的团聚, 并且很好地维持了原始的层状结构. 最终获得的Co@N-C/rGO复合催化剂材料实现了活性位的高度分散, 并且具有丰富的孔结构和优异的导电性能. 在电化学性能测试中Co@N-C/rGO表现出优异的ORR性能, 其起始电位为0.96 V, 半波电位0.83 V, 远优于ZIF-67直接热解得到的Co@N-C材料, 且性能与商业Pt/C催化剂相当. 此外, Co@N-C/rGO复合催化剂还表现出良好的催化稳定性和甲醇耐受性, 显示出该材料作为燃料电池氧还原催化剂的重要潜力.     

NaY分子筛Lewis酸促进甲醇经亚硝酸甲酯分解制二甲氧基甲烷※

二甲氧基甲烷(Dimethoxymethane, DMM)作为一种基础有机化学品, 在树脂、溶剂、燃料等领域具有广泛用途. 传统合成方法采用甲醇甲醛缩合, 反应效率比较低. 亚硝酸甲酯(CH₃ONO)是一种性质活泼的气体, 可由甲醇、O₂、NO在无需催化剂的条件下获得, 其反应活性比甲醇高很多. 通过亚硝酸甲酯在常压条件下催化分解可以高效制备DMM. 本工作系统研究了不同类型分子筛的酸性对亚硝酸甲酯催化分解制备DMM的影响规律, 催化活性顺序为: NaY (97%)=HY (97%)>HZSM-5 (90%)>Hβ (89%)>NaZSM-5 (18%)>Naβ (6%), DMM选择性顺序为: NaY (53%)>HY (12%)=Naβ (12%)>NaZSM-5 (7%)>Hβ (4%)>HZSM-5 (3%), 其中NaY分子筛是一种性能优异的亚硝酸甲酯分解制备DMM的催化剂. 通过X射线衍射(XRD)、比表面及孔隙度分析(BET)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、吡啶红外(Py-FTIR)等结构表征手段, 发现分子筛的酸性位点是促进亚硝酸甲酯分解的活性中心, 而Na⁺和Al物种的Lewis酸是高选择性生成DMM的关键. 本工作可为DMM提供一种新的高效合成路线.     

基于Li-N2电池体系的“连续式”氮气还原合成氨

电化学合成氨近年来受到较多关注, 直接的电化学固氮法(NRR)存在产氨来源不明的问题, 而间接的锂式合成氨(LiNR)被认为是一种可行的固氮方案. LiNR的研究多为电沉积锂, 本工作以Li-N₂电池体系为基础, 利用电池的放电反应固定N₂, 质子源H₂O同时参与反应, 理论上提高了Li-N₂电池的放电电压. 结合充电反应锂盐分解, 构成了清晰的锂循环方案. 研究发现, 当N₂和H₂O共同通入电池, 可以实现连续式的NH₃生产, 且放电电位与理论值接近. 充放电循环显示, 每个循环均可以产生NH₃, 产氨量随循环次数而增加. 该方案可循环利用锂, 对于开发新型的固氮方式有较大的研究与利用价值.     

C−H Activation of Inert Arenes using a Photochemically Activated Guanidinato-Magnesium(I) Compound

UV irradiation of solutions of a guanidinate coordinated dimagnesium(I) compound, [{(Priso)Mg}₂] 3 (Priso=[(DipN)₂CNPrⁱ₂]⁻, Dip=2,6-diisopropylphenyl), in either benzene, toluene, the three isomers of xylene, or mesitylene, leads to facile activation of an aromatic C−H bond of the solvent in all cases, and formation of aryl/hydride bridged magnesium(II) products, [{(Priso)Mg}₂(μ-H)(μ-Ar)] 4 – 9 . In contrast to similar reactions reported for β-diketiminate coordinated counterparts of 3 , these C−H activations proceed with little regioselectivity, though they are considerably faster. Reaction of 3 with an excess of the pyridine, p-NC₅H₄Bu^t (py^But), gave [(Priso)Mg(py^ButH)(py^But)₂] 10 , presumably via reduction of the pyridine to yield a radical intermediate, [(Priso)Mg(py^But⋅)(py^But)₂] 11 , which then abstracts a proton from the reaction solvent or a reactant. DFT calculations suggest two possible pathways to the observed arene C−H activations. One of these involves photochemical cleavage of the Mg−Mg bond of 3 , generating magnesium(I) doublet radicals, (Priso)Mg⋅. These then doubly reduce the arene substrate to give “Birch-like” products, which subsequently rearrange via C−H activation of the arene. Circumstantial evidence for the photochemical generation of transient magnesium radical species includes the fact that irradiation of a cyclohexane solution of 3 leads to an intramolecular aliphatic C−H activation process and formation of an alkyl-bridged magnesium(II) species, [{Mg(μ-Priso^−H)}₂] 12 . Furthermore, irradiation of a 1 : 1 mixture of 3 and the β-diketiminato dimagnesium(I) compound, [{(^DipNacnac)Mg}₂] (^DipNacnac=[HC(MeCNDip)₂]⁻), effects a “scrambling” reaction, and the near quantitative formation of an unsymmetrical dimagnesium(I) compound, [(Priso)Mg−Mg(^DipNacnac)] 13 . Finally, the EPR spectrum (77 K) of a glassed solution of UV irradiated 3 is dominated by a broad featureless signal, indicating the presence of a doublet radical species.     

“Ghost peaks” of olmesartan medoxomil: Two solution degradation products of olmesartan medoxomil via oxidation mediated by metal ions

Two unknown solution degradants were found during the dissolution testing in 0.1-M HCl for olmesartan medoxomil (OLM) tablets. The structure of the degradants was identified and characterized by liquid chromatography–ultraviolet (LC–UV), liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and demonstrated to be cyclization of tetrazole and benzene in the olmesartan (OL) and OLM structures. A series of studies including stress studies, simulation studies, and mechanism-based studies were performed to reveal the potential mechanisms that lead to the formation of the unknown degradants. The study results demonstrated that the degradation was catalyzed with radicals that originated from the metal ions leached from the inner surface of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) glass vials with dissolved oxygen under acidic condition. Prerinsing the glass vials with acidic solution dissolved with EDTA can effectively avoid the generation of such oxidative impurities. The present work provides new insights into the understanding of degradation pathways of OLM, which might support the development of OLM tablets.     

Extraction of parabens by melamine sponge with determination by high-performance liquid chromatography

In the present study, we propose a novel method for the extraction of parabens in personal care products. A new, simple adsorptive material was obtained by combining metal-organic frameworks and melamine sponges using the adhesive property of polyvinylidene fluoride. This new material, metal-organic frameworks/melamine sponges, was found to be particularly suitable for solid-phase extraction. The structural characteristics of metal-organic frameworks/melamine sponges were first analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. Subsequently, solid-phase extraction was performed on sample solutions, and the extracted substances were then analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Following optimization of important experimental conditions, excellent recovery rates were obtained. Our novel method was then applied to the extraction of four parabens (methylparahydroxybenzoates, ethylparahydroxybenzoates, propylparahydroxybenzoates, and butylparahydroxybenzoates) from real samples. The results yielded limits of detection of 0.26–0.41 ng/mL. The inter- and intra-day recoveries were 104.0–109.7% and 91.2–98.1%, respectively (relative standard deviation, <13.8%).     

还原-氧化协同降解全/多卤代有机污染物

全/多卤代有机污染物大多具有生态毒性、生物蓄积性、环境持久性及长距离迁移性,不仅危害环境与生态安全,而且可经食物链传递威胁人类健康。由于卤原子是吸电子基团且取代数目多,这类物质的最高占据分子轨道能较低,难于被氧化降解,相反较易被还原法脱卤降解。随卤原子取代数减少,脱卤产物难被进一步还原,而其毒性甚至高于母体污染物。注意到低卤代有机物更容易发生氧化降解,一些研究构建了还原-氧化接力降解体系,即先利用还原法将全/多卤代有机污染物还原为低卤代产物,再利用氧化法降解这些中间产物,从而实现深度/完全脱卤和矿化。本文根据催化反应类型对还原-氧化联用法进行了归纳,分类介绍了基于传统化学催化、光催化、电化学、光电化学及机械化学等构建还原-氧化协同降解体系的原理及应用,以期为开发高效的处置技术提供思路和建议。     

Vacuum Ultraviolet Free-Electron Laser Photoionization Mass Spectrometry of Alpha-pinene Ozonolysis

\begin{document}$\alpha$\end{document}-pinene is the most abundant monoterpene that represents an important family of volatile organic compounds. Molecular identification of key transient compounds during the \begin{document}$\alpha$\end{document}-pinene ozonolysis has been proven to be a challenging experimental target because of a large number of intermediates and products involved. Here we exploit the recently developed hybrid instruments that integrate aerosol mass spectrometry with a vacuum ultraviolet free-electron laser to study the \begin{document}$\alpha$\end{document}-pinene ozonolysis. The experiments of \begin{document}$\alpha$\end{document}-pinene ozonolysis are performed in an indoor smog chamber, with reactor having a volume of 2 m\begin{document}$^3$\end{document} which is made of fluorinated ethylene propylene film. Distinct mass spectral peaks provide direct experimental signatures of previously unseen compounds produced from the reaction of \begin{document}$\alpha$\end{document}-pinene with O\begin{document}$_3$\end{document}. With the aid of quantum chemical calculations, plausible mechanisms for the formation of these new compounds are proposed. These findings provide crucial information on fundamental understanding of the initial steps of \begin{document}$\alpha$\end{document}-pinene oxidation and the subsequent processes of new particle formation.