TRANSVERSE TRANSPORT PROCESSES OF CHARGED PARTICLE SYSTEMS IN A STRONG MAGNETIC FIELD (II) SOME DISCUSS IONS ABOUT THE BOLTZMANN EQUATION

In this article, it is pointed out that in a strong magnetic field the usual Boltzmann Equation with Lorentz force term is inconsistent with the fundamental requirements of the general theory of non-equilibrium statistical mechanics. Furthermore, if a collision term corresponding to particles in different gyroorbits is used, we find that all the transport coefficients are exactly zero.     

BARYONIUM[1] AND POSSIBLE SUPERSYMMETRY BETWEEN QUARKS AND ANTIDIQUARKS[2]

The possibility that diquark is a stable object in hadrons and there exists a global supersymmetry between quarks and antidiquarks is discussed. Mesons, baryons and baryoniums can be classified unitedly in the adjoint representation of the super-symmetry group. The united mass splitting formula is obtained based on the snpersymmetry and a naive physical mechanism for symmetry breaking. The mass spectra for baryonium ground states are obtained numerically and may be verified experimentally, Some significant characteristics of baryoniums are discussed and can be used as evident indications of the appearance of加ryoniums.     

Numerical Simulation and Experimental Validation of the Three-Dimensional Flow Field and Relative Analyte Concentration Distribution in an Atmospheric Pressure Ion Source

In this study, the validation and analysis of steady state numerical simulations of the gas flows within a multi-purpose ion source (MPIS) are presented. The experimental results were obtained with particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements in a non-scaled MPIS. Two-dimensional time-averaged velocity and turbulent kinetic energy distributions are presented for two dry gas volume flow rates. The numerical results of the validation simulations are in very good agreement with the experimental data. All significant flow features have been correctly predicted within the accuracy of the experiments. For technical reasons, the experiments were conducted at room temperature. Thus, numerical simulations of ionization conditions at two operating points of the MPIS are also presented. It is clearly shown that the dry gas volume flow rate has the most significant impact on the overall flow pattern within the APLI source; far less critical is the (larger) nebulization gas flow. In addition to the approximate solution of Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equations, a transport equation for the relative analyte concentration has been solved. The results yield information on the three-dimensional analyte distribution within the source. It becomes evident that for ion transport into the MS ion transfer capillary, electromagnetic forces are at least as important as fluid dynamic forces. However, only the fluid dynamics determines the three-dimensional distribution of analyte gas. Thus, local flow phenomena in close proximity to the spray shield are strongly impacting on the ionization efficiency.     

在乳液体系里制备过氧化氫基聚苯乙烯及其在接枝聚合上的应用

用不同分子量的聚苯乙烯在乳液体系中进行过氧化氢基化反应,然后测定这些产品的特性粘数,HPO值(每1,000个苯乙烯结构单元中所合的过氧化氢基平均数目)等。在过氧化氢基聚苯乙烯的红外光谱里,可以在3,200—3,600厘米~(-1)吸收区里观察到过氧化氢基的吸收带,其吸收强度随着HPO值的增大而加强。最后用这些大分子过氧化物引发甲基丙烯酸甲酯及苯乙烯聚合,得到接枝聚合物。经过分离提纯后,用下列的方法: (1)浊度滴定; (2)热机械性能的测试; (3)水解后测定交换量; (4)红外吸收光谱;证明它们是接枝共聚物。     

Can Copper(II) Mediate Hoogsteen Base‐Pairing in a Left‐Handed DNA Duplex? A Pulse EPR Study

Pulse EPR spectroscopy is used to investigate possible structural features of the copper(II) ion coordinated to poly(dG‐dC)?poly(dG‐dC) in a frozen aqueous solution, and the structural changes of the polynucleotide induced by the presence of the metal ion. Two different copper species were identified and their geometry explained by a molecular model. According to this model, one species is exclusively coordinated to a single guanine with the N7 nitrogen atom forming a coordinative bond with the copper. In the other species, a guanine and a cytosine form a ternary complex together with the copper ion. A copper crosslink between the N7 of guanine and N3 of cytosine is proposed as the most probable coordination site. Moreover, no evidence was found for an interaction of either copper species with a phosphate group or equatorial water molecules. In addition, circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy showed that the DNA of the Cu^II‐poly(dG‐dC)?poly(dG‐dC) adducts resembles the left‐handed Z‐form. These results suggest that metal‐mediated Hoogsteen base pairing, as previously proposed for a right‐handed DNA duplex, can also occur in a double‐stranded left‐handed DNA.     

Probing How Counterion Structure and Dynamics Determine Polyelectrolyte Solutions Using EPR Spectroscopy

In this review article, we describe how methods of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy were used to investigate polyion–counterion interactions in polyelectrolyte solutions. This subject is usually treated experimentally by light, X-ray, or neutron scattering techniques. It is shown that a large arsenal of EPR spectroscopic methods–from various sophisticated methods of line shape analysis of continuous-wave EPR, via electron spin echo envelope modulation, nanoscale distance measurements through double electron–electron resonance to high-field pulse EPR–can be used to characterize the intrinsically complicated structures formed in polyelectrolyte solutions. We show that even polymer physical models such as scaling relations can be tested in this way. The distinguishing feature with respect to the numerous scattering studies in this area is that EPR techniques are local methods, and by employing spin-carrying (i.e., EPR-active) probe ions, it is possible to examine polyelectrolytes from the counterions’ point of view.     

Silicon Purification by a New Type of Solar Furnace

We propose a new method to reveal a direct transformation from solar energy to solar electricity. Instead of using electricity in the process, we use concentrated solar rays with a crucibleless process to upgrade metallurgical silicon into solar-grade silicon feedstock.     

Network formation involving polyelectrolytes in solution: the role of counterions

The network-forming ability of a small fraction of nanosized trianions of the triarylmethyl class (TAM) with poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC) polyelectrolyte is studied by high-field/high-frequency (94 GHz) electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. These tristar-shaped organic ions are expected to undergo both electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions with PDADMAC chains. The dependence of electron spin echo (ESE)-detected spectra of the TAM spin probe on PDADMAC concentration reveals a heterogeneous distribution of the spin-carrying counterions. One fraction of these ions forms densely packed clusters while another one is highly diluted. On varying the concentration ratio of TAM spin probe/PDADMAC, the mean distance between closest neighbors within clusters of approximately 1.5 nm does not change significantly, while their fraction increases with decreasing polyelectrolyte content. These findings indicate that the nanosized organic TAM trianions induce network formation in solutions of PDADMAC polyelectrolyte. The data are consistent with a zip-like cooperative binding effect of TAM ions, making this spin probe an interesting building block for electrostatic self-assembly.Dedicated to Professor E.W. Fischer on the occasion of his 75th birthday.     

New Theoretical Results of 2νββ Decay with the Operator Expansion Method

The half-lives for 2νββ decay for all the potential Pp-emitters with A≥70 are calculated by the operator expansion method. Compared with the directly measured half-lives of ⁷⁶Ge, ⁸²Se, ¹⁰⁰Mo and ²³⁸U the theoretical values are in excellent agreement with experimental ones.     

Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay-A New Formalism

A new method-the operator expansion method is used in neutrinoless double beta decay processes. Both the neutrino mass and mixing of right-handed leptonic current are included. It is shown that for nuclear neutrinoless double beta decay in 2n mechanism, there appear some new terms besides the terms given by the conventional treatment based on closure approximation. The ββ with a Majoron emission is also discussed.