CMS physics overview

The principal physics goals of the Compact Muon Solenoid experiment under construction at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN in Geneva are reviewed. Procedures to search for the Standard Model Higgs boson, supersymmetric Higgses and other supersymmetric particles are described.     

Determination of lithium in wines by atomic absorption spectrometry

Lithium (10–150 ng ml^?1) in wine is determined by atomic absorption spectrometry by direct nebulization and after digestion with mixed acids. The results of methods are similar. Thirty-four wines from various Spanish provinces are analysed.     

Two modifications of the least cost per period heuristic for dynamic lot-sizing

This paper proposes two constructive heuristics for the well-known single-level uncapacitated dynamic lot-sizing problem. The proposed heuristics, called net least period cost (nLPC) and nLPC(i), are developed by modifying the average period cost concept from Silver and Meal's heuristic, commonly known as least period cost (LPC). An improved tie-breaking stopping rule and a locally optimal decision rule are proposed in the second heuristic to enhance performance. We test the effectiveness of the proposed heuristics by using 20 benchmarking test problems frequently used in the literature. Furthermore, we perform a large-scale simulation study involving three factors, 50 experimental conditions, and 100?000 randomly generated problems to evaluate the proposed heuristics against LPC and six other well-known constructive heuristics in the literature. The simulation results show that both nLPC and nLPC(i) produce average holding and setup costs lower than or equal to those of LPC in every one of the 50 experimental conditions. The proposed heuristics also outperform each of the six other heuristics evaluated in all experimental conditions, without an increase in computational requirements. Lastly, considering that both nLPC and nLPC(i) are fairly simple for practitioners to understand and that lot-sizing heuristics have been commonly used in practice, there should be a very good chance for practical applications of the proposed heuristics.     

Studies aimed at the synthesis of morphine V an economic approach to (±)-reticuline from 3,4-dihydropapaverine

Regioselective demethylation of 3,4-dihydropapaveraldine ($\text{2}$a) at 7 and 3' positions affords a properly substituted diphenolic key intermidiate ($\text{2}$d) for the synthesis of reticuline and N-norreticuline.     

Why and how to avoid standard kinetic equations I. Principles and band conduction problem

A review of ideas leading to full rejection of any finite or partially-infinite order kinetic equation linearized in external field is given on grounds of the time-convolution Generalized Master Equations (GME). By two examples (two-level and band conduction problem), it is shown how standard kinetic equations result from GME in the lowest order approximations which obscure, however, a direct correspondence with the Kubo linear response theory. Without approximations, on the other hand, the rigorous approach is shown to be fully equivalent with the Kubo results. It is argued and illustrated that usual technical simplicity and seeming physical lucidity of standard theories (connected with the presence of field-independent transfer or scattering rates in the fielddependent linearized theory) are just owing to structural features which are solely due to the lowest order approximations involved. These features (i.e. also the possibility of standard physical interpretation of kinetic phenomena) are proved to disappear completely as far as the theory goes properly to higher orders.     

Indirect Methods For Determination of The Protective Effects of Coating Films on The Surface of Crystals

The extents of the protective effects of coating films on the surface of crystals were determined. Three different samples were made with different quantities of coating fluid (Sepifilm LP 010 in 10% aqueous solution). Since the atomizing rate was constant, the coating time increased in parallel with the volume of coating fluid applied. The direct measurement of film thickness and smoothness is very difficult, and therefore indirect methods were used. Dimenhydrinate was chosen as model drug; this is a heat-sensitive antihistamine with a low melting point. This temperature can be reached during the tableting process. The behaviour of samples on exposure to heat was examined by differential scanning calorimetry. The water uptakes of the samples were determined with an Enslin apparatus. Plasticity was studied with an instrumented tablet machine. These indirect methods (thermal conductivity, water uptake and plasticity measurements) revealed connections between the results of the various experiments. An overlong coating time decreased the protective effect of the coating film. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The application of a vehicle routing model to a waste-collection problem: two case studies

In this paper we suggest a unique model for estimating the operating cost of each of three waste-collection systems. Under the traditional system, which is widely used, waste is typically collected in plastic bags and a three-man crew is needed on each vehicle. The other two systems require a one-man crew for vehicle collecting street containers. The side-loader system with fixed body automatically empties street containers into the vehicle body and empties the load at the disposal site. The side-loader system with demountable body allows the separation of the waste collection phase from transport to the disposal site, since the vehicle body can be demounted. We also present two case studies and show how the estimation of operating costs is a critical issue in decisions regarding the type of system to be used for waste collection.     

Convexity of Domains of Riemannian Manifolds

In this paper the problem of the geodesic connectedness and convexity ofincomplete Riemannian manifolds is analyzed. To this aim, a detailedstudy of the notion of convexity for the associated Cauchy boundary iscarried out. In particular, under widely discussed hypotheses,we prove the convexity of open domains (whose boundaries may benondifferentiable) of a complete Riemannian manifold. Variationalmethods are mainly used. Examples and applications are provided,including a result for dynamical systems on the existence oftrajectories with fixed energy.     

The study and applications of photochemical-dynamical gravity wave model II

A nonlinear, compressible, non-isothermal gravity wave model that involves photochemistry is used to study the effects of gravity wave on atmospheric chemical species distributions in this paper. The changes in the distributions of oxygen compound and hydrogen compound density induced by gravity wave propagation are simulated. The results indicate that when a gravity wave propagates through a mesopause region, even if it does not break, it can influence the background distributions of chemical species. The effect of gravity wave on chemical species at night is larger than in daytime.     

A convenient semicarbazide resin for the solid-phase synthesis of peptide ketones and aldehydes

Use of a semicarbazide resin for the solid-phase preparation of peptide ketones and aldehyde led to optimal results in terms of both purity of the final product and overall yield. This resin was prepared without complication by activation of the commercial available aminomethyl polystyrene with CDI at room temperature, followed by treatment with tert-butyl carbazate. Furthermore, the TNBSA colorimetric assay has been adapted for checking the incorporation of the carbonyl moiety onto hydrazine-based resins.