Titanocene 1,8-dithiolato-naphthalene and titanocene 2,2'-dithiolato biphenyl are produced by the reaction of naphtho[1,8-cd]-1,2-dithiole [or the biphenyl] with titanocene dicarbonyl (Ti(II)) in toluene at room temperature. The pro-ligands 2,7-di(tert-butyl)naphtho[1,8-cd]-1,2-dithiole, 5,6-dihydroacenaphtho[5,6-cd]-1,2-dithiole, 4,5-dithioacephenanthrylene, and 13,14-dithiapicene have been used in similar reactions with titanocene dicarbonyl to investigate the effect of steric bulk and of varying the naphthalene backbone on the final complex. The resulting Cp(2)TiS(2)Ar complexes (Ar = naphthalene) have been shown by temperature-dependent (1)H NMR spectroscopy to exist in solution in an envelope conformation with the six-membered TiS(2)C(3) rings undergoing inversion on the NMR time scale while the similar Cp(2)TiS(2)Ar complexes (Ar = biphenyl, binaphthalene) interconvert more rapidly. Titanocene 2,2'-disulfinato biphenyl has been synthesized by the salt elimination reaction of titanocene dichloride (Ti(IV)) and the disodium salt of biphenyl 2,2'-disulfinic acid. Finally, the effect of using pro-ligands where the sulfur atoms have been mono- or di-oxidized has been studied, and an interesting oxygen elimination reaction is observed for the S=O fragments but not for the SO(2) groups. All complexes have been characterized spectroscopically and seven X-ray structures are reported. 相似文献
It has been established from geological studies that change in the atmospheric content of carbon dioxide gas commenced about one hundred million years ago. The likely origin of this change is advanced as being the onset of the Brewer circulation caused by the rise in terrain induced by tectonic plate movement. It is demonstrated that tectonic plate movement can be affected by impacts from external bodies which penetrate the crust of the Earth. The consequences of the change in atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide are proposed as first, extinctions and reductions in animal numbers, including primates, as a result of changes in body chemistry of these animals and second, a change in the rate of weathering of rocks giving rise to changes in the availability of chemicals such as calcium and potassium which are essential for plant and animal life. This latter change contributing to the extinctions and reductions in animal numbers. It is shown that the change in weathering can account for the rise to dominance of angiosperm plants. It is concluded that there were several simultaneous evolutionary environments on Earth which were a function of altitude which gave rise to a vertical variation in atmospheric content of carbon dioxide. This variation disappeared with rise of terrain and the onset of the Brewer circulation. Such changes are advanced and being much more important than any changes in temperature caused by greenhouse effects since the disappearance of atmospheric variations in carbon dioxide allowed animal migration. It is demonstrated that the conditions of extinction could be reintroduced by human activities. 相似文献
Abstract— On the basis of the steady-state accumulation of divinyl (DV) or monovinyl (MV) protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) a in darkness (D) or in the light (L), green plants have been classified into three different greening groups namely dark divinyl-light divinyl (DDV-LDV), dark monovinyl-light divinyl (DMV-LDV) and dark monovinyl-light monovinyl (DMV-LMV) (Ionannides et al., Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 22, 211-220,1994). Interruption of the L phase of the photoperiod by a brief period of darkness (LD condition) revealed a predominance of different chlorophyll (Chl) a biosynthetic routes, depending upon the greening group affiliation of the plant species. For example, in DMV-LDV and DMV-LMV plants, the predominant Chl a biosynthetic routes under the LD condition appear to be the MV Chi a biosynthetic route and/or a mixed DV-MV Chi a biosynthetic route that bifurcates at the level of DV Pchlide a. On the basis of DV and MV Pchlide a accumulation rates after re-darkening, this greening group is designated as a light-dark MV (LDMV) subgroup. In DDV-LDV plants, the predominant LD Chi a biosynthetic routes appear to be the DV Chi a biosynthetic route and/or a mixed DV-MV Chi a biosynthetic route that bifurcates at the level of DV Chlide a. This greening group is designated as a light-dark DV (LDDV) subgroup. It is proposed that upon inhibiting the conversion of Pchlide a to Chi a by interruption of the L phase of the photoperiod by a brief period of D, the rates of DV and MV Pchlide a regeneration may reflect the carryover rates of DV and MV Pchlide a biosynthesis in L instead of reflecting a differential use of DV and MV carboxylic biosynthetic rates in D. It is also shown that in LDMV plants, MV Chlide a and MV Chi a are formed without the participation of [4-vinyl] Chlide a reductase. On the basis of recently published evidence, it is also argued that Pchlide oxidoreductase-A (POR-A) may be active in LDDV plants, while POR-B may predominate in LDMV plant species. The evolutionary significance of the LDDV and LDMV greening subgroups is discussed. 相似文献
Ifk1 andk2 are positive integers, the partitionP = (1,2,...,n) ofk1+k2 is said to be a Ramsey partition for the pairk1,k2 if for any sublistL ofP, either there is a sublist ofL which sums tok1 or a sublist ofP –L which sums tok2. Properties of Ramsey partitions are discussed. In particular it is shown that there is a unique Ramsey partition fork1,k2 having the smallest numbern of terms, and in this casen is one more than the sum of the quotients in the Euclidean algorithm fork1 andk2.An application of Ramsey partitions to the following fair division problem is also discussed: Suppose two persons are to divide a cake fairly in the ratiok1k2. This can be done trivially usingk1+k2-1 cuts. However, every Ramsey partition ofk1+k2 also yields a fair division algorithm. This method yields fewer cuts except whenk1=1 andk2=1, 2 or 4. 相似文献
The gas-phase molecular structures of a series of halogen-substituted disilanes [X3SiSiMe3 (X = H, F, Cl and Br)], 1,1,1-trimethyldisilane (H3SiSiMe3), 1,1,1-trifluoro-2,2,2-trimethyldisilane (F3SiSiMe3), 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2,2-trimethyldisilane (Cl3SiSiMe3) and 1,1,1-tribromo-2,2,2-trimethyldisilane (Br3SiSiMe3), have been determined in the gas phase by electron diffraction. Ab initio calculations at the HF and MP2 level were used to support the experimental investigation using the SARACEN method. All of the investigated structures were determined to adopt a staggered structure with C3v symmetry. The effect of substitution on the Si–Si bond and the Si–Si–X bond angle was investigated and these results were compared to results obtained from a recent study of halogen-substituted disilanes [X3SiSiXMe2 (X = F, Cl, Br and I)] to consider the effect of the methyl groups on the substituted disilanes. 相似文献
The use of semipermeable membranes for multicomponent separations based on molecular size has long been recognized. In certain applications, however, it is often desirable not to effect a separation of chemical constituents, but to sustain a separation which already exists. As an example, the efficient and economical design of a. chemical reactor using an enzyme as a catalyst depends on the accessibility of the reactant to the catalyst as well as on the degree to which a physical separation between the enzyme and the reactor product stream is maintained. A particularly simple and attractive means of achieving this is through the use of semipermeable asymmetric hollow fiber membranes. For example, by sequestering an enzyme solution within the annular macroporous support regions of an asymmetric hollow fiber, a physical separation between enzyme and a reactant solution flowing through the fiber lumen is achieved. In this way, small reactant molecules are free to diffuse across the ultrathin membrane skin into the opencell support structure where reaction will occur. Product molecules will diffuse back into the lumen, and a compact chemical reactor results. The operating behavior of this type of catalytic reactor will be described and its application to the hydrolysis of o-nitro-phenyl-B-d-galactopyranoside and of lactose is discussed. 相似文献
Butyl methoxy dibenzoylmethane (BMDM) and octocrylene (OC), common UV-filters in sunscreen products are often used in combination. Together they provide broad spectrum photoprotection from exposure to both UVA- and UVB-light. These UV-filters may, however, undergo photodegradation and generate photodegradants, resulting in a potential loss of photoprotection. It is thus a concern that the photostability testing as described by the ICH Guideline Q1B is not a requirement for sunscreen products in Australia, Europe or the USA. UV-filter photodegradants have in addition been shown to be toxic, highlighting the importance of their separation from the parent UV-filters. An HPLC method was developed and validated to quantitatively determine a combination of these UV-filters in the presence of their photodegradants. Reverse-phase chromatography was employed, using a C18 column and an isocratic mobile phase consisting of methanol/water/acetic acid (89/10/1 v/v). Validation according to the ICH guidelines for linearity, accuracy, precision, sensitivity, specificity and robustness was confirmed. The developed and validated method was then successfully applied to the determination of BMDM and OC in an aqueous cream base, typically used in sunscreens, after photostability testing, according to the ICH Guideline Q1B. In addition, the diketo-enol ratio of BMDM in methanol-d4 was determined by NMR and the two major photodegradants were identified by FTMS and LC–MS.