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51.
F. Silva X. Bonnin J. Achard O. Brinza A. Michau A. Gicquel 《Journal of Crystal Growth》2008,310(1):187-203
Plasma-assisted CVD homoepitaxial diamond growth is a process that must satisfy many stringent requirements to meet industrial applications, particularly in high-power electronics. Purity control and crystalline quality of the obtained samples are of paramount importance and their optimization is a subject of active research. In the process of such studies, we have obtained high purity CVD diamond monocrystals with unusual morphologies, namely with apparent {1 1 3} stable faces. This phenomenon has led us to examine the process of CVD diamond growth and build up a 3D geometrical model, presented here, describing the film growth as a function of time. The model has been able to successfully describe the morphology of our obtained crystals and can be used as a predictive tool to predetermine the shape and size of a diamond crystal grown in a given process configuration. This renders accessible control of desirable properties such as largest usable diamond surface area and/or film thickness, before the cutting and polishing manufacture steps take place. The two latter steps are more sensitive to the geometry of the growth sectors, which will be addressed in a companion paper.Our model, applicable to the growth of any cubic lattice material, establishes a complete mapping of the final morphology state of growing diamond, as a function of the growth rates of the crystalline planes considered, namely {1 0 0}, {1 1 1}, {1 1 0}, and {1 1 3} planes, all of which have been observed experimentally in diamond films. The model makes no claim as to the stability of the obtained faces, such as the occurrence of non-epitaxial crystallites or twinning. It is also possible to deduce transient behavior of the crystal morphology as growth time is increased. The model conclusions are presented in the form of a series of diagrams, which trace the existence (and dominance) boundaries of each face type, in presence of the others, and where each boundary crossing represent a topology change in terms of number of faces, edges and vertices. We validate the model by matching it against crystals published in the literature and illustrate its predictive value by suggesting ways to increase usable surface area of the diamond film. 相似文献
52.
This study demonstrates the separation of active ingredients in acne formulations (salicylic acid, cloramphenicol and resorcinol in presence of azulene) by capillary zone electrophoresis. Factors affecting their separations were the buffer pH and concentration, applied voltage, sample preparation, and presence of additives. Optimun results were obtained with a 50 mM sodium tetraborate-50 mM sodium phosphate, pH 9.0. The carrier electrolyte gave baseline separation with good resolution, short migration times (<6 min), great reproducibility and accuracy. Calibration plots were linear over at least three orders of magnitude of analyte concentrations, the lower limits of detection being within the range 0.39-1.25 μg ml−1. The procedure was fast and reliable and commercial pharmaceuticals could be analysed without prior sample clean-up procedure. 相似文献
53.
Andreia PeixotoMariette M. Pereira M.Graça P.M.S. NevesArtur M.S. Silva José A.S. Cavaleiro 《Tetrahedron letters》2003,44(30):5593-5595
Formyl derivatives of protoporphyrin-IX dimethyl ester metal complexes were obtained via hydroformylation reactions, catalysed by rhodium-triphenylphosphine complexes. The regioselectivity of the reaction is remarkably dependent on the metal centre of the porphyrin, yielding 100% of the branched aldehyde with zinc(II) complexes and 75% with the nickel(II). The NMR characterisation of the new compounds was carried out after their derivatisation into acetals. 相似文献
54.
55.
The collapse of a charged and radiating ball in the diffusion limit is studied using a method reported by Herrera and collaborators. The interior solution is matched with the exterior Reissner-Nordström-Vaidya metric to obtain a system of differential equations at the surface of the distribution, which can be integrated numerically for some set of initial data. For one model, the profiles of the physical variables are obtained at any piece of the material in terms of Schwarzschild-like coordinates. 相似文献
56.
Some basic concepts about curvature collineations are reviewed and the existing results on this topic are applied to the case of perfect fluids, giving a characterization of those amongst them which admit proper curvature collineations. 相似文献
57.
R. Arnaldi R. Averbeck K. Banicz J. Castor B. Chaurand C. Cicalo A. Colla P. Cortese S. Damjanovic A. David A. De Falco A. Devaux A. Drees L. Ducroux H. En’yo A. Ferretti M. Floris A. Foerster P. Force N. Guettet A. Guichard H. Gulkanian J. Heuser M. Keil L. Kluberg J. Lozano C. Lourenço F. Manso A. Masoni P. Martins A. Neves H. Ohnishi C. Oppedisano P. Parracho P. Pillot G. Puddu E. Radermacher P. Ramalhete P. Rosinsky E. Scomparin J. Seixas S. Serci R. Shahoyan P. Sonderegger H.J. Specht R. Tieulent G. Usai R. Veenhof H.K. Wöhri 《The European Physical Journal C - Particles and Fields》2007,49(1):235-241
The NA60 experiment at the CERN SPS has studied low-mass muon pairs in 158 A GeV In–In collisions. A strong excess of pairs
is observed above the yield expected from neutral meson decays. The unprecedented sample size close to 400000 events and the
good mass resolution of about 2% made it possible to isolate the excess by subtraction of the decay sources. The shape of
the resulting mass spectrum shows some non-trivial centrality dependence, but is largely consistent with a dominant contribution
from π+π-→ϱ→μ+μ- annihilation. The associated ϱ spectral function exhibits considerable broadening, but essentially no shift in mass. The
pT-differential mass spectra show the excess to be much stronger at low pT than at high pT. The results are compared to theoretical model predictions; they tend to rule out models linking hadron masses directly to
the chiral condensate.
PACS 25.75.-q; 12.38.Mh; 13.85.Qk 相似文献
58.
Jorge F. J. Coelho Ana M. F. P. Silva Anatoliy V. Popov Virgil Percec Mariana V. Abreu Pedro M. O. F. Gonalves M. H. Gil 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》2006,44(9):3001-3008
The synthesis of a block copolymer poly(vinyl chloride)‐b‐poly(n‐butyl acrylate)‐b‐poly(vinyl chloride) is reported. This new material was synthesized by single‐electron‐transfer/degenerative‐chain‐transfer‐mediated living radical polymerization (SET‐DTLRP) in two steps. First, a bifunctional macroinitiator of α,ω‐di(iodo)poly (butyl acrylate) [α,ω‐di(iodo)PBA] was synthesized by SET‐DTLRP in water at 25 °C. The macroinitiator was further reinitiated by SET‐DTLRP, leading to the formation of the desired product. This ABA block copolymer was synthesized with high initiator efficiency. The kinetics of the copolymerization reaction was studied for two PBA macroinitiators with number–average molecular weight of 10 k and 20 k. The relationship between the conversion and the number–average molecular weight was found to be linear. The dynamic mechanical thermal analysis suggests just one phase, indicating that copolymer behaves as a single material with no phase separation. This methodology provides the access to several block copolymers and other complex architectures that result from combinations of thermoplastics (PVC) and elastomers (PBA). From industrial standpoint, this process is attractive, because of easy experimental setup and the environmental friendly reaction medium. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 3001–3008, 2006 相似文献
59.
Jorge F. J. Coelho Ana M. F. P. Silva Anatoliy V. Popov Virgil Percec Mariana V. Abreu Pedro M. O. F Gonalves M. H. Gil 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》2006,44(9):2809-2825
Living radical polymerization of n‐butyl acrylate was achieved by single electron transfer/degenerative‐chain transfer mediated living radical polymerization in water catalyzed by sodium dithionate. The plots of number–average molecular weight versus conversion and ln[M]0/[M] versus time are linear, indicating a controlled polymerization. This methodology leads to the preparation of α,ω‐di(iodo) poly (butyl acrylate) (α,ω‐di(iodo)PBA) macroinitiators. The influence of polymerization degree ([monomer]/[initiator]), amount of catalyst, concentration of suspending agents and temperature were studied. The molecular weight distributions were determined using a combination of three detectors (TriSEC): right‐angle light scattering (RALLS), a differential viscometer (DV), and refractive index (RI). The methodology studied in this work represents a possible route to prepare well‐tailored macromolecules made of butyl acrylate in an environmental friendly reaction medium. Moreover, such materials can be subsequently functionalized leading to the formation of different block copolymers of composition ABA. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 2809–2825, 2006 相似文献
60.
Ana I. R. N. A. Barros Artur M. S. Silva 《Monatshefte für Chemie / Chemical Monthly》2006,137(12):1505-1528
Summary. Several nitroflavone derivatives were synthesized by cyclodehydrogenation of 2′-hydroxychalcones and by the Baker-Venkataraman approach, starting from 2′-hydroxyacetophenones and benzoic acid derivatives. Nitroflavones synthesised by the first synthetic
approach were obtained in better global yields than those obtained by the later method. The structures of all new compounds
were elucidated by microanalyses, 1D and 2D NMR, IR, and mass spectroscopic measurements. 相似文献