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41.
Robert Durand Patrick Geneste Jean-Louis Oliv 《Magnetic resonance in chemistry : MRC》1983,21(5):301-304
The 13C NMR spectra were recorded for isoxazolines and isoxazolidines from 2,4,6-trimethylbenzonitrile oxide or α-phenyl-N-phenyl nitrone as dipolarophiles with the thiophene and benzo[b]thiophene S-oxide and S,S-dioxide series. The effects of the isoxazoline or isoxazolidine groups are not very different. Owing to the electronegativity of the oxygen atom, the main influence arises from the regioselectivity of the addition to the carbon atoms located at the α or β position from SO or SO2. 相似文献
42.
Jean-Louis Thebault 《European Journal of Operational Research》1982,11(3):269-275
Generation operation models, giving expected values of marginal fuel and failure costs, have been developed at EDF since about fifteen years. In order to study the regionalization of the future tariffs, we have recently developed a model for computing short-run marginal costs including not only generation but also the interconnection network. We shall first deal below with the necessary reduction of the general problem of optimization of the interconnection network operation before explaining how we solve the reduced problem.The French 400 kV interconnection network enables more than hundred plants to deliver electricity to consumers through more than hundred main nodes. The optimization of the operation has been examined for network planning and has led to a separation between shortage cases (for which additional outage due to the network is minimized) and normal cases (for which economic dispatching, taking into losses account, is established). In order to deal with these two cases with ARCOMALT, and to be able to introduce the randomness of all the variables concerned, we have reduced the number of nodes to about a dozen, which will be justified by both technical and economic reasons. It will also be shown that a good way to represent the interconnection network, from an economic point of view, is to let the various regions exchange electricity at marginal cost (either fuel or failure cost) with a transaction cost (a polynome, the degree of shich will be discussed) and bounds on exchange capacities.The reduced problem is neither linear (both criteria and constraints are not) nor of a small size, so that usual methods cannot be applied. Graph theory cannot be used in this case because it is a problem with variable gains related to the links, and not a problem with fixed gains related to the nodes (which could be solved). It will be proved that, using the additive properties of the criteria, the main problem can be decomposed into smaller sub-problems and the optimal size of these sub-problems being the 3 nodes-problem. Finally, the relaxation method, which proceeds in two steps, is described: a rough solution is first obtained through a primal approach before using a dual approach to complete the computation of the marginal costs. 相似文献
43.
Jean-Louis Tassoul Gilles Aubin 《Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications》1974,45(1):116-126
This paper deals with finite-amplitude axisymmetric disturbances in a self-gravitating fluid column of finite radius R. It is shown that the cutoff wavelength λnl above which gravitational breakup occurs now depends on the relative amplitude of the initial perturbation. Actually, for small-but finite-amplitude disturbances, , where λl ( = 5.8898R) designates the cutoff wavelength predicted in the linear approximation. 相似文献
44.
Bone matrix like assemblies of collagen: from liquid crystals to gels and biomimetic materials 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Skeletal tissues associate in close interaction, a dense organic matrix and a mineral network. In bone, the major structural protein is type I collagen, associated with inorganic crystals of hydroxyapatite. The three-dimensional arrangement of collagen fibrils in compact bone forms regularly ordered networks and a parallel was evidenced between these structures and molecular assemblies described in liquid crystals. Similar structures are now obtained in vitro. Indeed, when purified type I collagen is highly concentrated in an acid soluble state, the protein spontaneously assembles into ordered liquid crystalline phases. After a sol/gel transition triggered by pH increase, biomimetic materials are formed which resemble the exact compact bone matrix architecture over distances reaching centimetres and more. The properties of these highly ordered materials will be reviewed recalling their supramolecular arrangement and the corresponding patterns when visualised in polarised light microscopy (birefringence) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The association of inorganic phases (amorphous silica) to form chiral hybrid materials will also be described so as the behaviour of cells (fibroblast adhesion and migration) when seeded on these dense biomimetic matrices. 相似文献
45.
Laras Y Quéléver G Garino C Pietrancosta N Sheha M Bihel F Wolfe MS Kraus JL 《Organic & biomolecular chemistry》2005,3(4):612-618
Inhibition of gamma-secretase, one of the enzymes responsible for the cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) to produce pathogenic A beta peptides, is an attractive approach for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. We have designed a new gamma-secretase thiazolamide inhibitor bearing a dihydronicotinoyl moiety as Redox Delivery System which allows specific delivery of the drug to the brain. Through, on the one hand, A beta peptide production measurements by specific in vitro assays (gamma-secretase Cell Free assay and Cell Based assay on HEK 293 APP transfected cells) and, on the other hand, pharmacokinetic studies on animal models, the new inhibitor shows a good pharmacokinetic profile as well as a potent gamma-secretase inhibitory activity in vitro. From the obtained results, it is expected that drug will be mainly delivered to the CNS with low diffusion in the peripheral tissues. Consequently the side effects of this gamma-secretase inhibitor on the immune cells could be reduced. 相似文献
46.
We propose a new method for carrying out field-theoretic simulations of polymer systems under conditions of prescribed external stress, allowing for shape changes in the simulation box. A compact expression for the deviatoric stress tensor is derived in terms of the chain propagator, and it is used to monitor changes in the box shape according to a simple relaxation scheme. The method allows fully relaxed, stress free configurations to be obtained even in nontrivial morphologies, and it enables the study of morphology transitions induced by external stresses. 相似文献
47.
Intergranular and transgranular fracture surfaces obtained in a face centered cubic alloy are studied using 3D maps reconstructed by scanning electron microscopy stereo imaging. The roughness exponents measured in the intergranular and transgranular surfaces, respectively, zeta = 0.83 +/- 0.05 and zeta = 0.75 +/- 0.05, are in agreement with the universal roughness value of 3D fractures. However, the slightly smaller value related to the transgranular surface could be a consequence of crystallographic transgranular zones disseminated on the surface whose roughness exponent zeta = 0.65 +/- 0.07 is close to the one usually measured on 2D fractures. 相似文献
48.
Reymond JL 《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》2004,43(42):5577-5579
49.
[structure: see text] Hydroxyaromatic aldehydes and ketones were used as building blocks to prepare ether oligomers. An iterative two-step protocol involving Mitsunobu coupling and carbonyl reduction provided a protecting-group-free route with high yields. Activity screening of an 84-member library against proteases led to the discovery of micromolar inhibitors for trypsin, chymotrypsin, and subtilisin. 相似文献
50.