Quinoid pigments of echinodermata III. Minor pigments of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus nudus

Summary 1. 3-Acetyl-2,7-dihydroxy-6-methylnaphthazarin, not previously described, has been isolated from the test and needles of the sea urchinStronglyocentrotus nudus.2. The pigments of this sea urchin have been shown to include 2,7-dihydroxynaphthazarin and spinochrome E.3. A number of minor pigments forming naphthazarin derivatives has been isolated. One of them is connected with spinochrome C by mutual transformations.The subject matter of the present paper was given in part at the All-Union Conference on Biological Resources of the Seas of the Far East (Vladivostok, 1975).Pacific Ocean Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Scientific Center of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 2, pp. 202–207, March–April, 1977.     

Itinerant electron ferromagnetism in Sr2+-, Ca2+-, and Ba2+-doped rare-earth orthocobaltites (Ln3+1−xM2+xCoO3)

Electronic and magnetic properties of Ln_1?xSr_xCoO₃ (Ln = Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, and Gd) systems show that above a critical value of x, the d electrons become itinerant while the materials become ferromagnetic at low temperatures. The ferromagnetic component increases with increase in x and decrease in temperature. The Curie temperature increases with x and decreases with decrease in the size of the rare-earth ion. Incorporation of Ba²⁺ in LaCoO₃ favors itinerant electron ferromagnetism relative to Sr²⁺ while Ca²⁺ is less favorable than Sr²⁺.     

Chromatographic analysis of hydrocarbons in marine sediments and seawater.

The low concentration of hydrocarbons anticipated in pollution baseline studies necessitates the development of analytical techniques sensitive at the sub-microgram per kilogram concentration level. The method of analysis developed in this laboratory involves dynamic headspace sampling for volatile hydrocarbon components of the sample, followed by coupled-column liquid chromatography for the non-volatile components. These techniques require minimal sample handling, reducing the risk of sample component loss and/or sample contamination. Volatile sample components are separated from the matrix in a closed system and concentrated on a TENAX-GC packed pre-column, free from large amounts of solvent and ready for GC/GC-MS analysis. Non-volatile compounds, such as the benzpyrenes, may be extracted from large volumes of water and concentrated on a Bondapak C18 packed pre-column for coupled-column liquid chromatographic separation and analysis. Results of the application of these techniques to the analysis of samples from sites of known low level hydrocarbon contamination are presented and discussed.     

Gamma radiolytic decomposition of solid binary mixtures of potassium nitrate with halides

Gamma-ray induced decomposition of solid binary mixtures of KNO₃ with halides viz. KCl, KBr and KI has been studied at room temperature. G(NO ₂ ^– ) values were found to vary with absorbed dose. Size and electronegativity of anions and molar composition of halides are the other factors influencing radiolysis.     

Diffusion coefficients from stopped-flow gas chromatography

Summary Mutual diffusion coefficients of two gases A and B can be determined in an empty gas chromatographic column by letting component B enter at an intermediate position of the column and continuously flow through a part only of it, as a carrier gas. The other component A is injected in a small amount instantaneously at the closed end of the column with the detector placed at the other end. By repeatedly stopping and then restoring after a short time the flow of B, narrow extra peaks are produced on the chromatographic elution curve, owing to diffusion of A into B. An equation is derived giving the area under the curve of each stop-peak as a function of time of the corresponding stop. Plotting the experimental data according to this equation permits the determination of the diffusion coefficient of A into B. Some results obtained by this method show negligible variations with changes in the experimental parameters.     

Acetylation of lagochilin

The acetylation of lagochilin and its derivatives with acetic anhydride in the presence of pyridine has been studied by PMR spectroscopy. It has been shown that the manifestation of the polyfunctionality of lagochilin in acetylation reactions with acetic anhydride is connected with a change in the nature of the process of solvation of the reaction forms with the subsequent replacement of the hydrogen atoms of the hydroxy groups by acetyl groups.V. I. Lenin Tashkent State University. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 1, pp. 46–49, January–February, 1980.     

Synthesis of 4- and 6-methyl derivatives of 5,7-dioxo(4h,6h)-1,3-dithiolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine based on methylbarbituric acids,spectroscopic characteristics and acidity constants

We have obtained previously unknown 1-methyl- and 1,3-dimethyl-5-diethylaminothiocarbonylthiobarbituric acids by reaction of sodium diethyldithiocarbamate with 5-phenyliodonium betaines of 1-methyl- and 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acids. Cyclization of these compounds upon heating in conc. H₂SO₄ gives methyl-substituted 5,7-dioxo(4H,6H)-1,3-dithiolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine-2-diethylimmonium hydrosulfates; the derivative of 1-methylbarbituric acid forms a mixture of 4-methyl- and 6-methyl-substituted compounds (21). We isolated perchlorates of 4-methyl- and 4,6-dimethyl-substituted derivatives in pure form. By treatment of the immonium salt with sodium sulfide or selenide, we obtained 4-methyl- and 4,6-dimethyl-5,7-dioxo(4H,6H)-1,3-dithiolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine-2-thiones and 4-methyl-, 6-methyl-, and 4,6-dimethyl-2-selenones. We characterized the isomeric 4- and 6-methyl-substituted selenones by electronic absorption spectra and ionization constants (7.65 and 4.0). The differences in the pK values and in the electronic absorption spectra makes it possible to distinguish the substitution site in N-mono-substituted derivatives of 5,7-dioxo(4H,6H)-1,3-dithiolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 11, pp. 1526–1533, November, 1993.     

Dynamic light scattering,a probe of brownian particle dynamics

The principles and techniques of dynamic light scattering (DLS) are outlined and its application to the study of suspensions of interacting colloidal particles is discussed. We show how, under appropriate conditions, DLS can measure long-time collective and self-diffusion coefficients as well as study short-time motions (characterized by the cumulants). These theoretical considerations are illustrated by experimental data. Finally, we discuss the relevance of certain characteristic timescales to theories of the diffusion of interacting particles.