Linear and nonlinear optical susceptibilities of orthorhombic rare earth molybdates RE2(MoO4)3

The dielectric responses (i.e. the refractive indices and the second order nonlinear susceptibilities) of all orthorhombic rare earth molybdates have been studied on the basis of the relationship between dielectric responses and the average atomic number of constituent atoms of crystals. Both the linear and second order nonlinear optical responses at 1.064 μm decrease with increasing atomic number from La to Lu.     

Frequency dependence of ionic conductivity and dielectric relaxation studies in Na3H(SO4)2 single crystal

Electrical impedance measurements of Na₃H(SO₄)₂ were performed as a function of both temperature and frequency. The electrical conductivity and dielectric relaxation have been evaluated. The temperature dependence of electrical conductivity reveals that the sample crystals transformed to the fast ionic state in the high temperature phase. The dynamical disordering of hydrogen and sodium atoms and the orientation of SO₄ tetrahedra results in fast ionic conductivity. In addition to the proton conduction, the possibility of a Na⁺ contribution to the conductivity in the high temperature phase is proposed. The frequency dependence of AC conductivity is proportional to ω^s. The value of the exponent, s, lies between 0.85 and 0.46 in the room temperature phase, whereas it remains almost constant, 0.6, in the high-temperature phase. The dielectric dispersion is examined using the modulus formalism. An Arrhenius-type behavior is observed when the crystal undergoes the structural phase transition.     

AERODYNAMIC DAMPING OF RANDOMLY EXCITED PLATES IN STATIONARY AND MOVING AIR

An experimental study of the aerodynamic damping of oscillating plates has been undertaken. Plates of various shapes were placed into an air flow normal to the plate and excited to oscillate parallel to the flow direction by electromagnetic forces of equal amplitudes and random frequencies. The aerodynamic damping of oscillating plates, evaluated in terms of a quality Q-factor from a frequency response resonance curve, was found to vary linearly with the absolute pressure in stationary surrounding air and with the air flow velocity in moving air. The flow velocity was also found to affect the aerodynamic damping more than the absolute pressure. A simple empirical model has been developed to predict the variation of the aerodynamic damping with the flow velocity.     

ANALYSIS OF A PIEZOELECTRIC MULTIMORPH IN EXTENSIONAL AND FLEXURAL MOTIONS

Impedance and admittance matrices are presented for the analysis of the beam-type piezoelectric multimorph (PM). Each piezoelectric layer is polarized in the thickness direction. The stacking sequence can be arbitrary, and both the extensional and flexural motions are considered. The variational principle is used for deriving the lumped conjugate parameters: two mechanical ports for the extensional motion, four mechanical ports for the flexural motion, and m electrical ports for the m piezoelectric layers. The resonance and antiresonance frequencies are then easily calculated from the admittance matrices. For the case of all the piezoelectric layers either in series or parallel connection, them +6 ports reduce to the seven ports, and its impedance and admittance matrices are presented. The present methods are applied to the cantilevered PM and their electromechanical behavior is studied. The tip trajectory of the cantilevered piezomotor is also investigated using the presented matrices. It is found that the present methods are very effective in analyzing the multilayer piezoelectric transducers.     

Laser induced copper electroless plating on polyimide with Q-switch Nd:YAG laser

The results of laser induced deposition of copper on polyimide substrate from copper electrolyte solution are reported. Unlike most work reported in the literatures where CW Ar⁺ lasers were used, a second harmonic (532 nm wavelength) Q-switch Nd:YAG laser was used for our experiments. The deposition process was conducted by laser-catalyzing of the polyimide surface and subsequent photothermal-accelerated reduction of copper-complex ions in an alkaline reducing environment. The characteristics of the deposited copper line were investigated in terms of laser beam scanning speed, and the number of scans. The surface morphology and chemical composition of the deposited copper were analyzed using field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDX). The optimum processing conditions have been identified. The copper deposit was found to adhere well to the substrate.     

A Modified Quasi-Newton Method for Structured Optimization with Partial Information on the Hessian

This paper develops a modified quasi-Newton method for structured unconstrained optimization with partial information on the Hessian, based on a better approximation to the Hessian in current search direction. The new approximation is decided by both function values and gradients at the last two iterations unlike the original one which only uses the gradients at the last two iterations. The modified method owns local and superlinear convergence. Numerical experiments show that the proposed method is encouraging comparing with the methods proposed in [4] for structured unconstrained optimization Presented at the 6th International Conference on Optimization: Techniques and Applications, Ballarat, Australia, December 9–11, 2004     

Projective geometry and special relativity

Some concepts of real and complex projective geometry are applied to the fundamental physical notions that relate to Minkowski space and the Lorentz group. In particular, it is shown that the transition from an infinite speed of propagation for light waves to a finite one entails the replacement of a hyperplane at infinity with a light cone and the replacement of an affine hyperplane – or rest space – with a proper time hyperboloid. The transition from the metric theory of electromagnetism to the pre‐metric theory is discussed in the context of complex projective geometry, and ultimately, it is proposed that the geometrical issues are more general than electromagnetism, namely, they pertain to the transition from point mechanics to wave mechanics.     

The orientation-selective growth of LaNiO3 films on Si(100) by pulsed laser deposition using a MgO buffer

Highly (100)-oriented, (110)-oriented and polycrystalline LaNiO₃ (LNO) films were successfully prepared on Si(100) using an oriented MgO film as a buffer. It was somewhat surprising to find that that the orientation relation between the LNO film and the corresponding MgO buffer was: LNO(100)\MgO(110), LNO(110)\MgO(111) and LNO(polycrystalline)\MgO(100). The crystalline quality of the LNO films was shown to be sensitive to the preparation conditions of the MgO buffer. The film surface was very smooth, without micrometer-sized droplets being observed. All LNO films were of metallic conductivity, with a room-temperature resistivities of approximately 250, 280 and 420 μΩ cm for the (110)-oriented, (100)-oriented and polycrystalline LNO, respectively. Received: 2 April 2001 / Accepted: 23 October 2001 / Published online: 3 June 2002     

Ground-state properties of LiV2O4 and Li1-xZnx(V1-yTiy)2O4

We present susceptibility, microwave resistivity, NMR and heat-capacity results for Li_1-xZn_x(V_1-yTi_y)₂O₄ with 0 ? x ? 0.3 and 0 ? y ? 0.3. For all doping levels the susceptibility curves can be fitted with a Curie-Weiss law. The paramagnetic Curie-Weiss temperatures remain negative with an average value close to that of the pure compound Θ≈ - 36 K. Spin-glass anomalies are observed in the susceptibility, heat-capacity and NMR measurements for both type of dopants. From the temperature dependence of the spin-lattice relaxation rate we found critical-dynamic behavior in the Zn doped compounds at the freezing temperatures. For the Ti-doped samples two successive freezing transitions into disordered low-temperature states can be detected. The temperature dependence of the heat capacity for Zn-doped compounds does not resemble that of canonical spin glasses and only a small fraction of the total vanadium entropy is frozen at the spin-glass transitions. For pure LiV₂O₄ the spin-glass transition is completely suppressed. The temperature dependence of the heat capacity for LiV₂O₄ can be described using a nuclear Schottky contribution and the non-Fermi liquid model, appropriate for a system close to a spin-glass quantum critical point. Finally an ( x / y , T )-phase diagram for the low-doping regime is presented. Received 16 March 2001 and Received in final form 30 October 2001