Heavy tailed durations of regional rainfall

Durations of rain events and drought events over a given region provide important information about the water resources of the region. Of particular interest is the shape of upper tails of the probability distributions of such durations. Recent research suggests that the underlying probability distributions of such durations have heavy tails of hyperbolic type, across a wide range of spatial scales from 2 km to 120 km. These findings are based on radar measurements of spatially averaged rain rate (SARR) over a tropical oceanic region. The present work performs a nonparametric inference on the Pareto tail-index of wet and dry durations at each of those spatial scales, based on the same data, and compares it with conclusions based on the classical Hill estimator. The results are compared and discussed. The authors express sincere thanks to the Mathematisches Forschungsinstitut Oberwolfach (MFO) for facilitating their collaboration under a “Research in Pairs” project hosted at MFO during March 5–25, 2006. The research of the second and third authors was supported by the project LC06024.     

Sorptivity approximations

Approximate expressions of sorptivity have been tested against the Philip's numerical solution for porous materials with a wide range of parameters used in an exponential function of the water diffusivityD versus water content. The Philip-Knight approximation offers the best result when the flux ratio is approximated by the function derived for a constant value ofD.     

Determination of activation effect of Ca(OH)<Subscript>2</Subscript> upon the hydration of BFS and related heat by isothermal calorimeter

Isothermal conduction calorimetry, differential thermal analysis (DTA)–thermogravimetric analysis (TG) analysis, and SEM observations have proved the activation effect of Ca(OH)₂ released from the C₃S hydration upon blast furnace slag (BFS). Five sample mixtures of BFS and C₃S and two samples of pure BFS and C₃S were submitted to reaction with water inside the calorimeter at room temperature. The values of hydration heat were recorded up to 7 days. Samples were stored in humidity during 28 days and then were submitted to DTA–TG and SEM analysis. The effect of Ca(OH)₂ upon heat evolution of sample mixtures has been quantified and its influence upon the formation of new hydrates and microstructure of pastes was evidenced.     

Near-infrared spectroscopy: A powerful tool in studies of acid-treated clay minerals

The benefit of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy in studies of acid-treated clay minerals is demonstrated. The effects of mineral type, composition and content of non-swelling interlayers on the dissolution rate are investigated. Detailed analysis of the NIR region is performed by comparing the first overtone (2ν_OH) and combination (ν + δ)_OH bands with the fundamental stretching (ν) and bending (ν) vibrations. Spectra of acid-treated samples show a gradual decrease in the intensities of the structural OH overtone (near 7100 cm^?1) and combination (4600–4300 cm^?1) bands reflecting a fewer number of octahedral atoms. The appearance of the 2ν_SiOH vibration for terminal (isolated) SiOH groups near 7315 cm^?1 indicates the formation of a protonated silica phase. The band near 7130 cm^?1 remaining in the spectra of acid-treated samples is assigned to 2ν_HOSiOH of geminal silanol groups. Thus the creation of geminal silanols, previously detected by ²⁹Si MAS-NMR spectroscopy in acid-treated hectorite, is confirmed also by NIR spectroscopy. The assignment of the 4555 cm^?1 band to the (ν + δ)_SiOH combination enabled calculation of the wavenumber for the SiO–H bending vibration (～810 cm^?1) that is not observable in the mid-IR region due to overlapping with the Si–O band of amorphous silica (～800 cm^?1). The NIR spectra confirm that trioctahedral hectorite is much more susceptible to dissolution in HCl than dioctahedral nontronite. The dissolution rate of kaolinite present in the Badin clay as an admixture is lower than that of the main mineral nontronite. The accessibility of the interlayers for protons significantly influences the stability of clay minerals in HCl. Mixed-layered mineral illite/smectite with only 30% of swelling interlayers dissolves more slowly than smectite of similar chemical composition containing mainly swelling interlayers.     

The influence of a transverse magnetic field on a subnormal glow discharge in air

In subnormal glow discharge under d.c. excitation at different pressure in a varying transverse magnetic field (0 to 30 G) some measurements have been carried out for various initial average tube currents. The voltage across the discharge increases and average tube current and residual current decreases in the magnetic field. With the help of Beckman’s expression [4] for the axial field and the electron density distribution in a transverse magnetic field the observed variation of current and voltage can be satisfactorily explained. The variation of axial electric field with transverse magnetic field can be represented to a fair degree of accuracy by the derived equation. The behaviour of residual current with magnetic field has been observed in these oscillations.     

Determination of Immunosuppressive Pharmaceuticals in Whole Blood Following Kidney Transplantation by High-performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Cyclosporine, tacrolimus, sirolimus, and everolimus are commonly used immunosuppressants following organ transplantation. Their monitoring is used to determine the optimal dose for therapeutic effectiveness and minimize toxicity. High-performance liquid chromatographic–tandem mass spectrometry with positive electrospray ionization and multiple reaction monitoring mode was validated for the determination of cyclosporine A, tacrolimus, sirolimus, and everolimus in whole blood. A C18 analytical column was employed with a gradient elution of pH 4.0 aqueous 10?mmol/L ammonium acetate and acetonitrile. For the pretreatment of whole blood, simple protein precipitation was used with methanol:zinc sulfate. The calibration curves were linear from 20.0 to 1000?ng/mL for cyclosporine A, 1.0 to 50?ng/mL for tacrolimus and sirolimus, and 1.0 to 30?ng/mL for everolimus. The intra-assay precision and inter-assay precision were less than 15%. The method provides reliable and reproducible results according to the linearity, precision, accuracy, recovery, and matrix effects. The method has been introduced to routine clinical practice in Slovakia for the determination of immunosuppressants in patients after kidney transplantation.     

Studies on the molecular interaction of Erythrosine ‘B’ with surfactants

The spectroscopic investigation on anionic dye, Erythrosine ‘B’(EB) with three different types of surfactants such as CTAB (cationic), sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS; anionic) and Triton X-100 (TX-100),Tween-20, 40, 60 and 80 (nonionic) in aqueous media shows that EB forms a 1:1 molecular complex with TX-100, Tweens and CTAB. No interaction is observed between EB and SLS. The thermodynamic and spectrophotometric properties of these complexes suggest that EB forms a strong charge transfer (CT) complex with TX-100 and Tweens whereas the interaction of EB with CTAB is coulombic in nature. Photogalvanic and photoconductometric studies also support the above interactions. In addition to this, the electron-donating ability among the nonionic surfactants, i.e. TX-100 and Tweens towards dye, role of surface in CT interaction, the site of CT interaction and the intensity and stability of CT interaction between EB and nonionic surfactants have been pointed out.