Chemistry of the phenoxathiins IV. Synthesis of 9-substituted 1 -azaphenoxathiins

In an extension of recently reported syntheses of the I-azaphenoxathiin nucleus as well as several 7-substituted analogs, the synthesis of several 9-substituted members of this series is now reported. In addition, the first ¹³C-nmr spectral evidence of an interaction between a sulfur atom and the oxygen of an ortho-nilro group which has been previously observed only in X-ray erystallographic studies is also described. The possible consequences of this interaction on the reaction pathway leading to the cyclization of the 9-substituted J-azaphenoxathiin nucleus is also presented.     

The mass spectra of substituted 2-methylbenzophenones

The mass spectra of some methoxy and methyl derivatives of 2-methylbenzophenone have been examined. Loss of a substituents from 3′-and 4′-positions as well as the previously known loss from 2′-positions are important fragmentation processes. Thus, these fragmentations are of little use in locating substituents on benzophenones of unknown structure. Deuterium labelling shows the [M - 1]⁺ ion from 3′,4,4′,5,5′-pentamethoxy-2-methyl benzophenone to be due largely to loss of hydrogen from 2′- and 6′-positions.     

A study of the reaction of bicyclo[5.1.0]octa-2,5-diene with sulphur dioxide

Thermally-induced reaction between bicyclo[5.1.0]octa-2,5-diene (I) and sulphur dioxide under dry conditions is toluene-d₈ as solvent leads to the unexpected formation of the hitherto unknown diene sulphone 7-thiabicyclo[4.2.1]nona-2,4-diene 7,7-dioxide (II).     

Direct measurement of the radiative lifetime of the A2Σ+(υ′ = 0, K′ = 1, J′ = 32) state of OH and OD

The radiative lifetime of the A²Σ⁺(υ′ = 0, K′ = 1, J′ = 3/2) state of OH and OD has been directly measured by following the decay of fluorescence excited by light from a frequency doubled dye laser. Stern-Volmer extrapolation of the results to zero pressure gave τ(OH) = 788 ± 13 ns and τ(OD) = 754 ± 12 ns.     

Synthesis of benzoxepins via rearrangement of dihydrofurans derived from carbonyl ylide [3+2] cycloaddition

Highly substituted benzoxepins can be prepared via BBr₃-induced rearrangement of functionalized dihydrofurans derived from carbonyl ylide [3+2] cycloaddition.     

SPECTRA AND EXTINCTION COEFFICIENTS OF NEAR-INFRARED ABSORPTION BANDS IN MEMBRANES OF Rhodobacter sphaeroides MUTANTS LACKING LIGHT-HARVESTING AND REACTION CENTER COMPLEXES

Abstract— Membranes from Rhodobacter (formerly Rhodopseudomonas) sphaeroides mutant strains that lack one or more of the bacteriochlorophyll a (BChl)-protein complexes were used to obtain spectra and molar extinction coefficients of the near-IR absorption bands. The strains examined were NF57 which lacks the B875 light-harvesting and reaction center complexes, and M21 which lacks the B800–850light-harvesting complex. The extinction coefficients obtained for the B800, B850 and B875 bands were 226 ± 10, 170 ± 5, and 118 ± 5 m M ^-1cm^-1, respectively, in reasonable agreement with values reported for detergent-isolated complexes (Clayton, R. K. and B. J. Clayton, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78 ,5583–5587, 1981). The results also demonstrated that detergent solubilization altered the spectra, causing a band broadening on the blue side of the B875 and B800 peaks. The data obtained from the analysis of the mutant strains were used for deconvolution of the BChl species in membranes of the wild-type. A short BASIC computer program for performing this deconvolution is included.     

Cationic copolymerization of tetrahydrofuran with epoxides. III. Synthesis of block copolymers

Polymerization of various cyclic ethers by BF₃·O(C₂H₅)₂ in the presence of polymeric glycol leads to the formation of hydroxyl terminated block copolymers. Where poly(oxyethylene glycol) is used as the polymeric glycol, fission of the poly(oxyethylene glycol) chain occurs, and block copolymers, containing shorter ethylene oxide unit sequences are obtained. With poly(oxypropylene glycol), on the other hand, the polymer chain remains intact. This may be due to the steric influence of the pendant methyl groups. The cyclic oligomers formed as by-products in the polymerizations are easily removed.     

The preparation of copper(II) and copper(I) salts in acetonitrile using group VA and VB pentafluorides

Copper(II) fluorine reacts with the pentafluorides, TaF₅, PF₅, and AsF₅, in acetonitrile to give solvated Cu^II, hexafluoroanion salts. These react with copper metal to give the corresponding Cu^I compounds. Similar reactions occur between AsF₅ and silver(I) or thallium(I) fluorides, but silver(II) fluoride reacts with MeCN, and Ag^I hexafluoroarsenate is formed. PF₅ oxidises Cu slowly in MeCN to give Cu^I hexafluorophosphate, but AsF₅ has no oxidising ability towards metals in MeCN. Spectroscopic data for Cu(MF₆)₂·5MeCN and Cu(MF₆)·4MeCN (M = Ta or P) are discussed.     

Determination of proanthocyanidins in fresh grapes and grape products using liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection

Fresh grapes and grape products, such as grape wine and grape juice, were analyzed for proanthocyanidins (PACs) using liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometric (MS) detection. PACs were successfully separated and analyzed on the basis of their protonated molecules, allowing the identification of PACs in different degrees of polymerization from monomers to oligomers (up to 7 units), and in various isomeric forms. Using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) combined with MS detection, the PAC monomers, (+)-catechin (C), (-)-epicatechin (EC), (-)-catechin gallate (CG), and (-)-epicatechin gallate (ECG), were successfully quantified using selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. Standard curves were fitted for each PAC ranging from 43.8 to 5600 ng/mL for C, from 42.2 to 5400 ng/mL for EC, from 36.7 to 4700 ng/mL for CG, and from 39.8 to 5100 ng/mL for ECG. Good linearity (r2>0.999) was achieved for each analyte. The accuracy and precision (RSD) were within 10% (n=8) at the limit of detection. This method allows direct quantification of monomeric PACs in fresh grapes and grape-derived products. Additionally, flow injection analysis (FIA) was applied to estimate the concentration levels of PAC oligomers by comparing their FIA-MS peak areas, which were well correlated (r2=0.936) to the total concentrations of PAC monomers.