Influence of gamma radiation on the colour strength and fastness properties of fabric using turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) as natural dye

The effect of gamma radiation on the dyeing of cotton with extract of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) powder has been investigated. Cotton fabric and turmeric powder were irradiated to absorbed doses of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 kGy using Co-60 gamma irradiator. Dyeing parameters such as temperature, pH and mordant concentration were optimized. Dyeing was performed using un-irradiated and irradiated cotton with the extracts of un-irradiated and irradiated turmeric powder in order to investigate the effect of radiation treatment on the colour strength of dyed fabric. The reported data of un-irradiated and irradiated fabrics dyed with un-irradiated and irradiated dyes were obtained using the spectraflash SF-650. The colourfastness to light, rubbing- and washing-fastness properties showed that gamma irradiation has improved the dyeing characteristics from fair to good.     

A sunlight-induced method for rapid biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using an <Emphasis Type="Italic">Andrachnea chordifolia</Emphasis> ethanol extract

In this study a sunlight-induced method for rapid synthesis of silver nanoparticles using an ethanol extract of Andrachnea chordifolia is described. The silver nitrate solutions (1 mM) containing the ethanol extract of Andrachnea chordifolia were irradiated by both sunlight radiation and by sunlight radiation passed through different colored filters (red, yellow or green). The smallest size of silver nanoparticles was obtained when a silver ion solution was irradiated for 5 minutes by direct sunlight radiation. Further examination of the shape and size and of the surface chemistry of these biogenic silver nanoparticles, which were prepared under sunlight radiation, was carried out using transmission electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy images show spherical particles with an average size of 3.4 nm. Hydroxyl residues were also detected on the surface of these biogenic silver nanoparticles fabricated using plant extract of Andrachnea chordifolia under sunlight radiation. Our study on the reduction of silver ions by this plant extract in darkness shows that the synthesis process can take place under dark conditions at much longer incubations (48 hours). Larger silver polydispersed nanoparticles ranging in size from 3 to 30 nm were obtained when the silver ions were treated with the ethanol extract of Andrachnea chordifolia under dark conditions for 48 hours.     

Software utilities for the interpretation of mass spectrometric data of glycoconjugates: application to glycosphingolipids of human serum

Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are major components of the outer leaflet of the cell membrane. These lipids are involved in many cell surface events and show disease‐related expression changes. GSLs could thus serve as useful targets for biomarker discovery. The GSL structure is characterized by two entities: a hydrophilic glycan and a hydrophobic ceramide moiety. Both components exhibit numerous structural variations, the combination of which results in a large diversity of GSL structures that can potentially exist. Mass spectrometry (MS) is a powerful tool for high‐throughput analysis of GSL expression analysis and structural elucidation. Yet, the assignment of GSL structures using MS data is tedious and demands highly specialized expertise. SysBioWare, a software platform developed for MS data evaluation in glycomics, was here applied for the MS analysis of human serum GSLs. The program was tuned to provide automated compositional assignment, supporting a variety of glycan and ceramide structures. Upon in silico fragmentation, the masses of predicted ions arising from cleavages in the glycan as well as the ceramide moiety were calculated, thus enabling structural characterization of both entities. Validation of proposed structures was achieved by matching in silico calculated fragment ions with those of experimental MS/MS data. These results indicate that SysBioWare can facilitate data interpretation and, furthermore, help the user to deal with large sets of data by supporting management of MS and non‐MS data. SysBioWare has the potential to be a powerful tool for high‐throughput glycosphingolipidomics in clinical applications. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An Optimal Diversification Network Model with Fixed-Solution Universe Subsets

This paper develops a generalized dynamic network model for portfolio investment diversification. The model considers the situation of the fixed solution subset corresponding to a fixed single-resource economic investment such as that found in many oil-producing nations. Quadratic side constraints on the variance of the resultant flow distribution are added to the model to accommodate uncertainty. The model has been tested using a prototype example. The results indicate that the risk associated with a single-resource investment can be reduced by determining optimal investment weights.     

Bacilli as Biological Nano-factories Intended for Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Its Application in Human Welfare

The search of eco-friendly technologies for nano-synthesis is significant to expand their applications in human welfare. Nowadays, various inorganic nanoparticles with beneficial features have been synthesized via physical, chemical, and biological means. Significant biological applications of silver nanoparticles include on-infectious microbes, target drug delivery, cancer and vector-borne disease control. Their syntheses have been tested from plant fungi, bacteria, and viruses. The bacterial mediated synthesis of silver, gold, zinc and other metal leads to a milestone in nano-medicines. Thus, in this review, we focus on the contribution of Bacilli in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles, the mechanism of action and their potential application in the welfare of human beings.     

An exact algorithm for the sequential ordering problem and its application to switching energy minimization in compilers

This article presents an exact algorithm for the precedence-constrained traveling salesman problem, which is also known as the sequential ordering problem. This NP-hard problem has applications in various domains, including operational research and compilers. In this article, the problem is presented and solved in the context of minimizing switching energy in compilers. Most previous work on minimizing switching energy in the compiler domain has been limited to simple heuristics that are not guaranteed to give an optimal solution. In this work, we present an exact algorithm for solving the switching energy minimization problem using a branch-and-bound approach. The proposed algorithm is simple and intuitive, yet powerful. It is the first exact algorithm for the switching energy problem that is shown to solve real instances of the problem within a few seconds per instance. Compared to previous work in the operational research domain, the proposed algorithm is believed to be the most powerful exact algorithm that does not require a linear programming formulation. The proposed algorithm is experimentally evaluated using instances taken from a production compiler. The results show that with a time limit of 10 ms per node, the proposed algorithm optimally solves 99.8 % of the instances. It optimally solves instances with up to 598 nodes within a few seconds. The resulting switching cost is 16 % less than that produced without energy awareness and 5 % less than that produced by a commonly used heuristic.     

Catalytic asymmetric C-H insertions of rhodium(II) azavinyl carbenes

A highly efficient enantioselective C-H insertion of azavinyl carbenes into unactivated alkanes has been developed. These transition metal carbenes are directly generated from readily available and stable 1-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles in the presence of chiral Rh(II) carboxylates and are used for C-H functionalization of alkanes to access a variety of β-chiral sulfonamides.     

Synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted mono and bis-triazolocarbo-acyclonucleoside analogues of 9-(4-hydroxybutyl)guanine by Cu(I)-catalyzed click azide-alkyne cycloaddition

A series of novel mono-1,2,3-triazole and bis-1,2,3-triazole acyclonucleoside analogues of 9-(4-hydroxybutyl)guanine was prepared via copper(I)-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of N-9 propargylpurine, N-1-propargylpyrimidines/as-triazine with the azido-pseudo-sugar 4-azidobutylacetate under solvent-free microwave conditions, followed by treatment with K(2)CO(3)/MeOH, or NH(3)/MeOH. All compounds studied in this work were screened for their antiviral activities [against human rhinovirus (HRV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV)] and antibacterial activities against a series of Gram positive and negative bacteria.