全文获取类型
收费全文 | 845篇 |
免费 | 37篇 |
国内免费 | 1篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 525篇 |
晶体学 | 1篇 |
力学 | 10篇 |
数学 | 149篇 |
物理学 | 198篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 12篇 |
2022年 | 14篇 |
2021年 | 13篇 |
2020年 | 16篇 |
2019年 | 28篇 |
2018年 | 20篇 |
2017年 | 12篇 |
2016年 | 29篇 |
2015年 | 27篇 |
2014年 | 24篇 |
2013年 | 27篇 |
2012年 | 55篇 |
2011年 | 46篇 |
2010年 | 44篇 |
2009年 | 35篇 |
2008年 | 28篇 |
2007年 | 32篇 |
2006年 | 33篇 |
2005年 | 28篇 |
2004年 | 22篇 |
2003年 | 21篇 |
2002年 | 20篇 |
2001年 | 10篇 |
2000年 | 18篇 |
1999年 | 8篇 |
1998年 | 7篇 |
1997年 | 8篇 |
1996年 | 9篇 |
1995年 | 12篇 |
1994年 | 12篇 |
1993年 | 7篇 |
1991年 | 10篇 |
1990年 | 7篇 |
1989年 | 5篇 |
1988年 | 8篇 |
1986年 | 5篇 |
1985年 | 5篇 |
1984年 | 9篇 |
1983年 | 5篇 |
1982年 | 5篇 |
1981年 | 7篇 |
1980年 | 8篇 |
1979年 | 6篇 |
1978年 | 7篇 |
1977年 | 10篇 |
1976年 | 6篇 |
1975年 | 7篇 |
1974年 | 9篇 |
1973年 | 5篇 |
1928年 | 6篇 |
排序方式: 共有883条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
91.
We theoretically study the coupling of Bose-Einstein condensed atoms to the mechanical oscillations of a nanoscale cantilever with a magnetic tip. This is an experimentally viable hybrid quantum system which allows one to explore the interface of quantum optics and condensed matter physics. We propose an experiment where easily detectable atomic spin flips are induced by the cantilever motion. This can be used to probe thermal oscillations of the cantilever with the atoms. At low cantilever temperatures, as realized in recent experiments, the backaction of the atoms onto the cantilever is significant and the system represents a mechanical analog of cavity quantum electrodynamics. With high but realistic cantilever quality factors, the strong coupling regime can be reached, either with single atoms or collectively with Bose-Einstein condensates. We discuss an implementation on an atom chip. 相似文献
92.
Beeke Gerken Christoph Mahr Jakob Stahl Tim Grieb Marco Schowalter Florian F. Krause Thorsten Mehrtens Lutz Mädler Andreas Rosenauer 《Particle & Particle Systems Characterization》2023,40(9):2300048
Hetero-contacts are interfaces between different materials at the nanoscale leading to novel functional properties. In hetero-aggregates, primary particles of at least two different materials are mixed at primary particle or cluster level. Double flame spray pyrolysis (DFSP) is a versatile technique for the controlled synthesis of such materials. Characterization of hetero-aggregates by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) requires acquisition and evaluation of many aggregate images in order to derive statistically significant results. Usually, STEM energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS) is used to acquire elemental maps providing the material distribution of the primary particles within hetero-aggregates. However, the acquisition of a single EDXS map takes up to several minutes. For this reason, determination of material types of primary particles from the intensity in high-angle annular dark field STEM images alone is desirable. These images can be acquired within a couple of seconds. In the present work, a method is suggested which allows for achieving this objective. It can be applied to distinguish materials with a significant difference in their atomic number and hence sufficient material contrast in the STEM images. 相似文献
93.
Photo‐Wolff Rearrangement of 2‐Diazo‐1,2‐naphthoquinone: Stern–Volmer Analysis of the Stepwise Reaction Pathway 下载免费PDF全文
2‐Diazo‐1,2‐naphthoquinone (1) and its derivatives are the photoactive components in Novolak photoresists. A femtosecond infrared study has established that the photoreaction of 1 proceeds largely by a concerted Wolff rearrangement yielding the ketene 1H‐inden‐1‐ylidene‐methanone (3) within 300 fs after excitation, but earlier trapping studies gave evidence for a minor reaction path via a carbene intermediate 1‐oxo‐2(1H)‐naphthalenylidene (2) with a lifetime of about 10 ps. Here, we provide a quantitative assessment of the stepwise pathway by Stern–Volmer analysis of the trapping of 2 by methanol to yield 2‐methoxy‐1‐naphthol (4). We conclude that the lifetime of the carbene 2 is at least 200 ps. Moreover, [3 + 2]cycloaddition of 2 and acetonitrile yielding 2‐methylnaphth[2,1‐d]oxazole (5) was observed. A comparison of the yields of 5 formed upon photolysis and upon thermolysis of 1 in acetonitrile provides evidence that a substantial part of the hot nascent carbene 2 formed photolytically rearranges to the ketene 3 during its vibrational relaxation (hot ground‐state reaction). 相似文献
94.
Thorsten vomStein Tim denHartog Julien Buendia Spas Stoychev Jakob Mottweiler Carsten Bolm Jürgen Klankermayer Walter Leitner 《Angewandte Chemie (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2015,127(20):5957-5961
Ruthenium–triphos complexes exhibited unprecedented catalytic activity and selectivity in the redox‐neutral C C bond cleavage of the β‐O‐4 lignin linkage of 1,3‐dilignol model compounds. A mechanistic pathway involving a dehydrogenation‐initiated retro‐aldol reaction for the C C bond cleavage was proposed in line with experimental data and DFT calculations. 相似文献
95.
Explicit constructions and properties of generalized shift-invariant systems in $L^{2}(\mathbb {R})$
Ole Christensen Marzieh Hasannasab Jakob Lemvig 《Advances in Computational Mathematics》2017,43(2):443-472
Generalized shift-invariant (GSI) systems, originally introduced by Hernández et al. and Ron and Shen, provide a common frame work for analysis of Gabor systems, wavelet systems, wave packet systems, and other types of structured function systems. In this paper we analyze three important aspects of such systems. First, in contrast to the known cases of Gabor frames and wavelet frames, we show that for a GSI system forming a frame, the Calderón sum is not necessarily bounded by the lower frame bound. We identify a technical condition implying that the Calderón sum is bounded by the lower frame bound and show that under a weak assumption the condition is equivalent with the local integrability condition introduced by Hernández et al. Second, we provide explicit and general constructions of frames and dual pairs of frames having the GSI-structure. In particular, the setup applies to wave packet systems and in contrast to the constructions in the literature, these constructions are not based on characteristic functions in the Fourier domain. Third, our results provide insight into the local integrability condition (LIC). 相似文献
96.
A library of novel, lipid-modified derivatives of ascorbic acid was shown to exhibit highly attractive properties as surfactants, emulsifiers, oil soluble antioxidants, and highly effective gelators in organic solvents and especially water. In these systems, intermolecular hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces act synergistically to induce gelation as confirmed by spectroscopic studies. The morphology of the formed gel has been characterized by scanning electron microscopy. 相似文献
97.
Jakob Stix 《Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra》2011,215(6):1371-1397
We introduce the notion of a Brauer-Manin obstruction for sections of the fundamental group extension and establish Grothendieck’s section conjecture for an open subset of the Reichardt-Lind curve. 相似文献
98.
Sen SS Hey J Herbst-Irmer R Roesky HW Stalke D 《Journal of the American Chemical Society》2011,133(31):12311-12316
Silicon(II) bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (LSiN(SiMe(3))(2), L= PhC(NtBu)(2)) (2) has been synthesized by the reaction of LSiHCl(2) with KN(SiMe(3))(2) in 1:2 molar ratio in high yield where 1 equiv of the latter functions as a dehydrochlorinating agent. 2 exhibits a high stability up to 154 °C and can be handled in open air for a short period of time without any appreciable decomposition. An amazing five-membered cyclic silene (3) results from the cleavage of one Si-Me bond of 2 with an adamantyl phosphaalkyne. 3 is the first example of a heavy cyclopentene derivative which consists of four different elements, C, N, Si, and P. Both compounds are characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, EI-mass spectrometry, and single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. 相似文献
99.
Sørensen JK Fock J Pedersen AH Petersen AB Jennum K Bechgaard K Kilså K Geskin V Cornil J Bjørnholm T Nielsen MB 《The Journal of organic chemistry》2011,76(1):245-263
In continuation of previous studies showing promising metal-molecule contact properties a variety of C(60) end-capped "molecular wires" for molecular electronics were prepared by variants of the Prato 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction. Either benzene or fluorene was chosen as the central wire, and synthetic protocols for derivatives terminated with one or two fullero[c]pyrrolidine "electrode anchoring" groups were developed. An aryl-substituted aziridine could in some cases be employed directly as the azomethine ylide precursor for the Prato reaction without the need of having an electron-withdrawing ester group present. The effect of extending the π-system of the central wire from 1,4-phenylenediamine to 2,7-fluorenediamine was investigated by absorption, fluorescence, and electrochemical methods. The central wire and the C(60) end-groups were found not to electronically communicate in the ground state. However, the fluorescence of C(60) was quenched by charge transfer from the wire to C(60). Quantum chemical calculations predict and explain the collapse of coherent electronic transmission through one of the fulleropyrrolidine-terminated molecular wires. 相似文献
100.
Steffen Oroszi Torsten Jakob Christian Wilhelm Hauke Harms Thomas Maskow 《Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry》2011,104(1):223-231
Isothermal microcalorimetry can be used to investigate the photosynthetic energy conversion of autotrophic organisms. In this
study, for the first time a diatom alga was used to compare the calorimetrically measured heat flux with measurements of the
photosynthetic performance by oxygen evolution and pulse-amplitude modulated fluorescence. The presented experimental setup
proved suitable to compare calorimetric data with those of conventional methods of the determination of photosynthesis rates.
Special attention was paid to the contribution of energy dissipation via non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) of chlorophyll
fluorescence to the metabolic energy balance. This was achieved by a combination of different light conditions and the use
of an inhibitor of NPQ. Although NPQ is an important photoprotective mechanism in diatoms, the inhibition of NPQ resulted
in an activation of alternative, energy dissipating pathways for absorbed radiation which completely compensated for the fraction
of energy dissipation by NPQ. 相似文献