Vegetable tanning substances. Dependence of the tanning properties of extracts on their composition

Information is given on vegetable tanning substances, their classification, distribution in the plant world, and structure, and the dependence of their tanning properties on their composition, and also on methods of enriching tanning extracts. The review of literature sources includes publications from 1950 to 1989.A. S. Sadykov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences, Tashkent. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 3, pp. 293–307, May–June, 1990.     

Rotational diffusion effects on absorbance measurements: limitations to the magic-angle approach.

Optical absorbance changes are commonly used to characterize intermediates which appear in the bleaching sequence of rhodopsin and in the photocycle of bacteriorhodopsin. Absorbance changes can be caused by an intermediate's rotational diffusion, and when this occurs it can distort absorbance changes due to the structural evolution of intermediates. Linear polarization of an optical probe source at 54.7 degrees (the magic angle) relative to the polarization direction of a linearly polarized actinic source has often been used to eliminate signals due to rotational diffusion. We used Jones calculus to investigate the validity of the magic-angle strategy. Taylor expansion of the result in powers of the absorbances of the bleached ground state and of the intermediates leads to a relatively simple expression which can be used to determine whether rotational contributions are likely under various experimental conditions. This expression shows that in first order no dichroism-dependent term appears in the absorbance measured at magic angle. In second order, however, linear dichroism contributes to signals. For the sequence of rhodopsin intermediates: rhodopsin hv----bathorhodopsin in equilibrium BSI----lumirhodopsin, where BSI is a recently discovered blue-shifted intermediate, we determined the magnitude of the dichroism signals to be, on average, less than 2% of the true absorbance change due to the intermediates themselves (and hence undetectable). Freedom from dichroism artifacts in this case results from the fact that the transition dipoles of these intermediates are similar to that of rhodopsin. Larger and certainly detectable dichroism signals are predicted to occur, even at the magic angle, for later intermediates which have transition dipole moments which differ significantly from that of rhodopsin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Synthesis and reactions of halogenated thiazole isocyanates

A synthesis of 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-5-isocyanatothiazole and 2,5-dichloro-5-isocyanatothiazole is described via the “Curtius Rearrangement” performed under anhydrous conditions. The synthetic procedure described allows for the isolation, storage, and manipulation of these highly reactive isocyanates. A number of derivatives of the above isocyanates were prepared. These include: carbamates, thiocarbamates, ureas, amines, amidines, and amides.     

Dynamic differential calorimetry of intermetallic compounds: III. Heats of formation,heats and entropies of fusion of REIn3 and RETl3 compounds

Dynamic differential calorimetry has been employed to evaluate the heats of formation, heats and entropies of fusion of REIn₃ and RETl₃ compounds. The results obtained have been estimated to be corrected to within ±5–6%. The general trend, for both these series, is a decrease in the heat of formation from La to Lu which is correlated with the magnitude of the lanthanide contraction in these compounds. A simple correlation has been found between the heats of formation of REX₃ compounds and the ionic radii of the elements involved.     

Complexing of polyols with cations

Polyols containing three O atoms in a suitable steric arrangement form complexes with cations in aqueous solution. Suitable steric arrangements are (i) three syn-axial oxygen atoms on a 6-membered ring, and (ii) three O atoms on three consecutive C atoms constituting a clockwise and an anti-clockwise gauche arrangement. Complex formation is detected by paper electrophoresis and by NMR spectroscopy. Complex formation with diamagnetic cations causes small downfield shifts in the NMR spectra. Paramagnetic cations cause large shifts which are interpreted as being due to diamagnetic, pseudocontact, and contact interactions. The contact effect appears to be stereospecific: it requires planarity of the resonating nucleus, the metal, and the intervening bonds.     

Plant tissue-based bioselective membrane electrode for glutamate

A novel potentiometric membrane electrode with selective response to L-glutamate over the 2 × 10^-4–1.3 × 10^-2 M concentration range is constructed by immobilizing slices of yellow squash tissue at a CO₂ gas sensor. This system represents the first successful use of intact plant materials as biocatalysts in the construction of bioselective potentiometric membrane electrodes; as a result, the range of future possibilities may be greatly extended. The glutamate-sensing electrode combines excellent selectivity characteristics over some 25 possible interferences tested, good reproducibility, and a useful lifetime of 7 days in aqueous samples.     

The roots ofDictamnus angustifolius

Summary From the roots ofDictamnus angustifolius G. Don. collected in Chimgan at the end-of-fruit-bearing stage have been isolated alkaloids dictamnine, skimmianine, -fagarine, isodictamnine, isopteleine, and preskimmianine, the limonoid fraxinellone, and the steroid -sitosterol. This is the first time that any of these substances, with the exception of dictamnine and skimmianine, have been found in this plant.Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR, Tashkent. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 4, pp. 476–478, July–August, 1978.     

Exactly solvable XY model of the spin Peierls transition

The exact solution of the problem of the ground state of theXY-spin system on a deformed chain is found. At finite magnetizationm it is characterized by the double periodic structure and has a finite-band spectrum of spin excitations. Atm 0 the phase transition from the incommensurate into the dimerized state is accompanied by the soliton lattice formation.     

Effect of hydrostatic pressure on the static susceptibility of the spin-glass systems Ag:Mn,Au:Mn,Cu:Mn and Au:Fe

Previous studies of the magnetic susceptibility of a Ag-3 at.% Mn spin-glass under high pressure are extended to include the systems Au-3at.% Mn, Cu-3at.% Mn and Au-3at.% Fe. In all four alloys the spin-glass freezing temperatureT ₀ increases with pressure, yielding the volume dependences lnT ₀/ lnV=–3.6±0.4, –4.1±0.6, –2.1±0.4 and –1.64±0.25, respectively. These results give information about the nature of the interaction mechanisms responsible for the spin-glass freezing phenomena. The pressure dependence of the Curie temperature of ferromagnetic Au-20at.% Fe was also studied.Dedicated to B. Mühlschlegel on the occasion of his 60th birthday