电力安全与超导磁储能系统

随着我国大规模电力系统的逐步形成，电网的安全稳定问题日渐突出，保证电力系统的安全稳定运行已经成为电网发展和运行的重要任务．超导磁储能系统以其对系统功率需求的快速响应特性可以为提高电力系统的稳定性提供新的技术途径，同时对改善电能质量、提高可靠性也有很好的技术优势．本文在简要论证电力安全的重要性的基础上，对SMES提高系统的安全稳定性的优越性进行了分析，并介绍了国家863计划项目“高温超导磁储能系统”的工作进展．     

斜坡补偿电流模式控制开关变换器的动力学建模与分析

降压型、升压型和升压-降压型DC-DC变换器是应用广泛的基本开关DC-DC变换器.电流模式控制开关DC-DC变换器在较宽的电路参数范围内具有两个边界,基于开关切换前后电感电流的上升和下降斜率,建立了斜坡补偿电流模式控制开关DC-DC变换器的统一模型.该模型进行无量纲归一化处理后只有三个参数,可有效展示开关DC-DC变换器在电感电流连续传导模式(CCM)和电感电流不连续传导模式(DCM)时的动力学特性.利用此模型,导出了轨道状态发生转移时的两个分界线方程,由此确定了开关DC-DC变换器的稳定周期1域、CCM鲁棒混沌域和DCM弱混沌强阵发域三个工作状态区域.开关DC-DC变换器二维参数映射图和电流模式控制降压型DC-DC变换器的电路实验观察验证了由两条分界线划分工作状态域的正确性.     

Mg掺杂ZnO纳米晶的低温共沉淀法制备及光学性质

采用共沉淀(co-precipitation)法制备了Mg掺杂ZnO纳米晶,分别用X射线衍射(XRD)、傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、紫外可见吸收(UV-Vis)光谱、光致发光(PL)光谱、透射电镜(TEM)、电子顺磁共振(EPR)等分析手段对样品进行了表征。探究了Mg离子在ZnO纳米晶中的存在状态,ZnO纳米晶颗粒尺寸和发射光谱随Mg掺杂浓度的变化,并对其发光机理进行了分析。结果表明:Mg离子在ZnO晶格中以部分晶格位,部分间隙位的方式存在,没有形成MgO表面壳层结构;随Mg掺杂浓度的增大,ZnO纳米晶的颗粒尺寸变小,发射光的光强增大。发射光的最佳激发波长为342nm,中心波长为500nm,荧光量子产率为22.8%。实验分析表明:Mg离子的掺杂在ZnO纳米晶中引入了锌空位(VZn),间隙位的镁离子(IMg),提供了新的复合中心,从而增强了ZnO纳米晶的光致发光。     

带参数共轭梯度法簇的全局收敛性

共轭梯度法是最优化中最常用的方法之一,广泛地应用于求解大规模优化问题,其中参数β_k的不同选取可以构成不同的共轭梯度法.给出了一类含有三个参数的共轭梯度算法,这种算法能够在给定的条件下证明选定的β_k在每一步都能产生一个下降方向,同时在强Wolfe线搜索下,这种算法具有全局收敛性.     

Low temperature synthesis of titanium diboride nanosheets by molten salt–assisted borothermal reduction of TiO2

Journal of Nanoparticle Research - In this work, impact of synthesized silica nanotubes (SNTs) on morphology and performance of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanocomposite membrane was studied....     

Chemical reactions between immiscible polymers in the melt: Transesterification of poly(ethylene-co-methyl acrylate) with mono-hydroxylated polystyrenes

This article presents a unique example dealing with how chemical reactions between immiscible polymers in the melt behave differently than they would do in solution. Specifically, a model reaction was chosen: the transesterification between poly(ethylene-co-methyl acrylate) (EMA) and polystyrene mono-hydroxylated at the chain end (PSOH). It was carried out in the melt in a batch mixer. The overall rate of this reaction has a similar dependence of temperature, composition of reactants, and the nature and concentration of catalyst as in solution. The reactivity of PSOH decreases drastically with increasing molecular weight, and it becomes very weak when the molecular weight exceeds 8000 g/mol. As opposed to a reaction in solution or in a homogeneous melt, mechanical mixing increases the reaction rate since it generates interfacial area and reduces the diffusion length. The EMA-g-PS graft copolymer formed at the interfaces reduces the interfacial tension, and increases the miscibility of the reaction mixture. However, its occupation of the interfaces reduces contact between the reactive moieties, thus decreasing the overall reactivity. More importantly and much to our surprise, adding 1 to 2 wt % of an inert solvent increased greatly the overall reaction rate. While an increased interfacial mixing and diffusion by the presence of minor amounts of solvent are thought to be the major factors contributing to the drastic increase in reactivity, numerous questions still remain. Nevertheless, this study clearly showed that as opposed to a reaction in solution, mechanical mixing and the presence of minor amounts of solvent are two additional and critical means to control chemical reactions between immiscible polymer melts. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

基于链状SemSn(2≤m+n≤4)小分子的硒硫碳复合正极材料的制备及其电化学性能

将Se固溶复合到链状小硫分子S_2~4中,利用超微孔碳(UMC)的空间限域效应,在UMC中成功构建了链状Se_mS_n(2≤m+n≤4)小分子,并用作锂硫(Li-S)电池正极材料。与链状S_2~4小分子相比,改性后的Se_mS_n(2≤m+n≤4)小分子电导率更高,锂化能更低,放电锂化过程更容易。所制得的UMC/Se_mS_n(2≤m+n≤4)复合正极材料的放电过程为一步固相转化反应,从而有效抑制了活性物质的穿梭流失。与UMC/S_2~4复合正极材料相比,UMC/Se_mS_n(2≤m+n≤4)复合正极材料的电荷传递阻抗更小,放电比容量更高。因此,UMC/Se_mS_n-40(2≤m+n≤4,w_SeS2∶w_UMC=4∶6)复合正极材料在0.1C时循环100次后,比容量依然保持有844 mAh·g^-1;在0.5C下长时间循环500次时,每次循环容量损失仅约为0.07%,表现出优异的循环稳定性。     

锐钛矿型TiO2担载的Pd催化剂用于乙炔选择加氢的催化性能及其表征

Anatase TiO₂ nanospindles containing 89% exposed {101} facets (TiO₂-101) and nanosheets with 77% exposed {001} facets (TiO₂-001) were hydrothermally synthesized and used as supports for Pd catalysts. The effects of the TiO₂ materials on the catalytic performance of Pd/TiO₂-101 and Pd/TiO₂-001 catalysts were investigated in the selective hydrogenation of acetylene to polymer-grade ethylene. The Pd/TiO₂-101 catalyst exhibited enhanced performance in terms of acetylene conversion and ethylene yield. To understand these effects, the catalysts were characterized by H₂ temperature-programmed desorption (H₂-TPD), H₂ temperatureprogrammed reduction (H₂-TPR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), pulse CO chemisorption, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The TEM and CO chemisorption results confirmed that Pd nanoparticles (NPs) on the TiO₂-101 support had a smaller average particle size (1.53 nm) and a higher dispersion (15.95%) than those on the TiO₂-001 support (average particle size of 4.36 nm and dispersion of 9.06%). The smaller particle size and higher dispersion of Pd on the Pd/TiO₂-101 catalyst provided more reaction active sites, which contributed to the improved catalytic activity of this supported catalyst.     

不同灰化温度下生物质混煤灰的烧结特性研究

选取晋城无烟煤和麦秆作为研究对象,利用压差法烧结温度测定装置测量不同灰化温度下煤和麦秆混合灰的烧结温度,再利用SEM-EDS以及XRD对灰样进行烧结特性分析。结果表明,不论灰化温度高低,随着麦秆的添加,煤和麦秆混合灰的烧结温度都呈现降低趋势,其降低幅度略有差别。灰化温度较低时,煤和麦秆混合灰的烧结温度低于灰化温度较高情况下混合灰的烧结温度。SEM-EDS分析表明,低温灰化得到的样品中出现较多不规则的纤维结构;较高温度下获得的灰样中出现较多致密的球状颗粒,这表明矿物质发生熔融形成球状颗粒。XRD分析表明,低温灰化烧结后的煤和麦秆混合灰样中因含有较多的含钾等碱金属系助融矿物质,导致混合灰样的烧结温度降低。然而,像钙长石等含钙矿物质本身具有较高的熔点,因此,在1 100℃时混合灰样具有较高的烧结温度。     

聚苯胺对2,5-二巯基-1,3,4-噻二唑氧化还原反应的电化学催化作用的循环伏安研究

研究了聚苯胺(PAn)膜电极在2,5-二巯基-1,3,4-噻二唑(DMcT)溶液中电化学处理或浸泡后的循环伏安(CV)曲线的变化规律.实验结果表明,PAn膜电极在DMcT溶液中进行电化学处理或浸泡过程可使DMcT进入PAn膜内部与PAn形成复合物.PAn对DMcT的电化学催化作用可能和二者之间形成的电子给体-受体复合物有关.该复合物的电化学氧化还原特性不同于PAn和DMcT,其氧化还原反应速率和可逆性均优于DMcT.