Mechanisms of n‐butanol formation in butyl acrylate latexes

The mechanisms involved in the formation of n‐butanol during the synthesis of butyl acrylate containing latices were investigated. The experimental results showed that neither the hydrolysis of butyl acrylate nor of the ester bond in the butyl acrylate segments of the polymer played a major role in the formation of n‐butanol, which was mainly generated from the polymer backbone, by transfer reactions to polymer chain followed by cyclization. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 5838–5846, 2007     

Synthesis and Characterization of Silica@Copper Core–Shell Nanoparticles: Application for Conjugate Addition Reactions

Silica@copper (SiO₂@Cu) core–shell nanoparticles were synthesized and well characterized by XRD, TEM, AFM, XPS, UV/Vis, TGA–MS, and ICP–AES techniques. The synthesized SiO₂@Cu core–shell nanoparticles were employed as catalysts for the conjugate addition of amines to α,β‐unsaturated compounds in water to obtain β‐amino carbonyl compounds in excellent yields in shorter reaction times. Furthermore, the catalyst works well for hetero‐Michael addition reactions of heteroatom nucleophiles such as thiols to α,β‐unsaturated compounds. As the reaction is performed in water, it allows for easy recycling of the catalyst with consistent activity.     

Study of the dissolution and growth of salt single crystals in inhomogeneous acoustic fields: I. A standing acoustic wave

The growth of the isolated (100) face of a KDP crystal at exposure of the phase boundary to the initial ultrasound field and a standing acoustic wave has been investigated. A significant growth response of this face, exposed to sound normally along the acoustic axis in the near zone of a piston-like half-wave vibrator with f = 20 kHz and tangentially in the pulsed two-frequency (f = 600 and 900 kHz) standing-wave mode, has been revealed. It is shown that the mechanisms of mass exchange enhancement in these acoustic modes are different. The results obtained show a fundamental possibility of controlling crystal growth and dissolution by varying the parameters of inhomogeneous acoustic field.     

Doping of KDP single crystals with cerium: Growth and optical properties

The features of doping of KDP crystals with cerium ions and organocerium complexes with alizarin complexon and arsenazo III have been investigated. It is established that “direct” doping by introducing cerium salts into the initial solution cannot be implemented. The effect of organometallic complexes of cerium on the crystal growth has been studied. Organocerium complexes predominantly enter the prismatic or pyramidal growth sectors. It is shown that the complex arsenazo III + Ce blocks the growth of the prismatic sector. Cerium-doped KDP crystals exhibit a photoluminescence band peaking at the wavelength λ_max= 350 nm.     

The kinetics of the light-induced defect creation in hydrogenated amorphous silicon – Stretched exponential relaxation

Our model for light-induced defect creation in hydrogenated amorphous silicon is applied to its kinetics, i.e., the growing curve of light-induced dangling bond density as a function of illumination time, which is fitted to a stretched exponential function. Two parameters β and τ involved in the function are estimated as functions of saturated dangling bond density in terms of our model. These are compared with two experimental results, i.e., our results obtained from ESR measurements and Shimakawa et al.’s results obtained from photoconductivity measurements. The saturated dangling bond density is also measured as a function of the generation rate of free carriers. The experimental results are compared with calculated results and discussed.     

Multi-mode wave propagation in ribbed plates: Part I,wavenumber-space characteristics

This paper addresses the issue of energy propagation features in ribbed panels over a wide frequency range. First, a tool for estimating the wave propagation characteristics of one- and two-dimensional structures by k-space analysis is presented. This tool uses a concept of Inhomogeneous Wave Correlation with sparse measured or extracted data, and leads to the estimation of θ-dependent wavenumbers. Here, the method is employed with the sparse simulated and measured normal velocities of a set of ribbed panels and new insights into their k-space behavior are highlighted. Behavior is essentially characterized at low frequencies by structural orthotropy. Comparisons with homogenized data show very good agreement. At higher frequencies, a new behavior pattern is observed and explained both numerically and experimentally. This is a multi-modal waveguide type of propagation in a direction parallel to the ribs.     

Buckling of a stiff thin film on a compliant substrate in large deformation

A finite-deformation theory is developed to study the mechanics of thin buckled films on compliant substrates. Perturbation analysis is performed for this highly nonlinear system to obtain the analytical solution. The results agree well with experiments and finite element analysis in wavelength and amplitude. In particular, it is found that the wavelength depends on the strain. Based on the accurate wavelength and amplitude, the membrane and peak strains in thin films, and stretchability and compressibility of the system are also obtained analytically.     

Multi-layer thin films/substrate system subjected to non-uniform misfit strains

Current methodologies used for the inference of thin film stress through curvature measurement are strictly restricted to stress and curvature states that are assumed to remain uniform over the entire film/substrate system. These methodologies have recently been extended to a single layer of thin film deposited on a substrate subjected to the non-uniform misfit strain in the thin film. Such methodologies are further extended to multi-layer thin films deposited on a substrate in the present study. Each thin film may have its own non-uniform misfit strain. We derive relations between the stresses in each thin film and the change of system curvatures due to the deposition of each thin film. The interface shear stresses between the adjacent films and between the thin film and the substrate are also obtained from the system curvatures. This provides the basis for the experimental determination of thin film stresses in multi-layer thin films on a substrate.