Alpha and deuteron induced reactions on vanadium

The stacked foil technique was used in combination with γ-ray spectroscopy to obtain excitation functions for the production of different nuclei using natural vanadium as target and 85 MeV α-particles and 46.5 MeV deuterons as projectiles. The data are compared with theoretical predictions provided by an equilibrium and pre-equilibrium reaction model. In most cases the theoretical predictions seriously under-estimated the measured cross sections.     

Dynamic light scattering,a probe of brownian particle dynamics

The principles and techniques of dynamic light scattering (DLS) are outlined and its application to the study of suspensions of interacting colloidal particles is discussed. We show how, under appropriate conditions, DLS can measure long-time collective and self-diffusion coefficients as well as study short-time motions (characterized by the cumulants). These theoretical considerations are illustrated by experimental data. Finally, we discuss the relevance of certain characteristic timescales to theories of the diffusion of interacting particles.     

Determination of the composition and the stability constants of complexes of silver(I) with some sulphur containing pyridines a potentiometric investigation

A series of sulphide-containing pyridines of general formula ? (CH₂)_x? S? R where R = CH₃, C₂H₅, CH₂CH₂OH and x = 1, 2 has been prepared and studied potentiometrically in the presence of Ag⁺ in 0.5 M (K)NO₃ medium at 25°C. The complex formation is discussed in terms of the Taft σ*-parameters for the substituents. In acid region, where the complexes AgLH²⁺ and AgL₂H₂³⁺ were formed, coordination occurs through the thioether group. In neutral and alkaline medium their was evidence for the species AgL₂H²⁺, AgL⁺, AgL₂⁺, Ag₂L₂²⁺ and Ag₂L²⁺ in which Ag⁺? S and Ag⁺? bonds are involved. The five membered chelate rings for the AgL⁺ and AgL²⁺ species are found to be more stable than the six-membered ones.     

Role of rhenium in bimetallic reforming catalysts

The influence of rhenium on the behavior of a Pt/Al₂O₃ catalyst was studied in n-hexane reaction by means of dilution of the catalyst bed with Re/Al₂O₃. Parallel to activity, selectivity and ageing data obtained in slug pulse and continuous flow reactors, the amount of the surface carbon formed during the reaction was determined and its reactivity in hydrogen atmosphere was also studied. It is suggested that in the presence of rhenium due to the increase in the amount of hydrogen available for hydrogen consuming reactions including hydrodepolymerization of the carbonaceous surface overlayer, the routes of ageing processes are changed, resulting in lower carbon content on the catalyst and less pronounced catalyst deactivation.

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Pt/Al₂O₃ -, Re/Al₂O₃. , , , , . , , , , , , , .

     

The effect of organic nitriles on the radiation induced polymerization of styrene

The effect of a range of 10 organic nitriles on the radiation-induced polymerization of styrene was studied. A dose rate of 4.4 rad s^?1 was used. A rate of polymerization of styrene (1.744 mol L^?1 of toluene solution) of 5.0 × 10^?7 mol L^?1 s^?1 was found. With organic nitriles present (styrene:nitrile ratio of 1:0.28) the rate of polymerization increased. Rates in the range of 5.5 × 10^?7 ?5.2 × 10^?6 mol L^?1 s^?1, depending on the nitrile present, were obtained. The polymers were partially characterized and evidence of involvement of each of the nitriles in the polymer chains was revealed. The increase in rate of polymerization has been attributed to the part played by nitrile radicals in the initiation of styrene polymerization. Radical yield values [as G(nitrile radical)] were derived from the relevant rate expressions. Values ranged from 2.7 to 49.5, depending on the particular nitrile. Corresponding values of G(nitrile radical) in the range of 5.1–129.4 were obtained by the manipulation of number-average molar mass data. Values of k_pk_t of approximately 2 × 10^?5 L mol^?1 s^?1 were found. Trommsdorff types of effect are absent from these systems.     

Modification chimique des polyalcadiènes par les composés du type CX3Z—I Addition catalysée des composés CCl3Z sur les polybutadiènes-1,2

The influence of catalysis on chemical modification of 1,2-polybutadienes (M_n < 10,000) by CX₃Z reagents (X = halogen; Z = functional group or halogen), in order to obtain polymers soluble in common solvents, has been studied. The work has been carried out with carbon tetrachloride, trichloromethylphosphonyldichloride (CCl₃POCl₂) and ethyl trichloroacetate (CCl₃CO₂Et) in the presence of solvents such as C₆H₆, CH₂Cl₂. Among the compounds tested as catalysts for the addition of CX₃Z to 1,2-polybutadiene (transition metal salts and complexes; radical initiators) only the systems formed with metal salts such as CuCl₂, FeCl₃, RuCl₃ 3H₂O, Fe₂(CO)₉ and Cl₂Ru(PPh₃)₃ were found to show high catalytic activity. The most active is Cl₂Ru(PPh₃)₃: used without or with cocatalysts (Et₃NHCl/benzôin, alcohols), it leads always, to the best yields whatever the nature of CX₃Z. The activity of the other catalysts is generally dependent on CX₃Z structure. Some secondary reactions (cross-linking, cyclization, transesterification) have been found.     

Some new observations on the luminescence of PbMoO4 and PbWO4

We report on the luminescence of doped and undoped PbMoO₄ and PbWO₄ single crystals; a red emission is found for the first time for PbMoO₄. The degree of polarization of both the emissions of PbWO₄ and of the shorter-wavelength emission of PbMoO₄ is measured. The shorter-wavelength emissions are assigned to the ³T₁¹A₁ transition in the tetrahedral MoO₄^2?(WO₄^2?) group. It is assumed that the ³T₁ level is split due to spin-orbit coupling. The longer-wavelength emissions are assigned to a transition in a molybdate (tungstate) group lacking an oxygen ion, i.e., a MoO₃(WO₃) group.     

über Katalysatoren- und Fermentmodelle (1)

Ohne Zusammenfassung Die Arbeit wurde aus Mitteln des Marshall-Planes (ERP-Mittel) und mit Spenden aus dem „Fonds Chemie“ ausgeführt. Wir sprechen den zust?ndigen Stellen für die Gew?hrung der Beihilfe unseren verbindlichsten Dank aus. Der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft danken wir für die überlassung einer Ultrazentrifuge, den Behring-Werken für die uns zur Verfügung gestellten Serumalbumin- und -globulin-Pr?parate.     

Theoretical treatment of the spectrophotometric titration of bivalent cations with complexon-iii and metal-specific indicators

It was derived theoretically that a sharp end-point of this spectrophotometrical titration is defined, in order of importance, by: 1. *K_C ? *K_I (numerically speaking, log$\text{*K}{}_{\mathrm{C}}\text{*K}{}_{\mathrm{I}}$ should be at least 4); 2. *K_I being large (numerically e.g. 10⁴-10⁵); this is already reached by choosing a high pH; 3. it being low; 4. m_t being as high as possible.     

Zur kritischen Lösungstemperatur einiger Systeme mit zweibasischen organischen Säuren

Zusammenfassung Fischers Methode der Mikrountersuchung der kritischen Mischungs-temperatur hat grundsätzlich neue Wege in der Analyse binärer und ternärer Flüssigkeitsgemische eröffnet.In dieser Arbeit wurde versucht, für die homologe Reihe: Oxalsäure-Malonsäure-Bernsteinsäure durch Ermittlung der Mischungslückendiagramme Zusammenhänge zwischen den beim sogenannten 'Makroversuch und den bei der Mikrobestimmung auf dem Kofler-Heiztisch herrschenden Verhältnissen aufzuzeigen und gleichzeitig eine brauchbare Schnellmethode für die Bestimmung wässeriger Lösungen der untersuchten Säuren zu finden.Weiters wurden die Unterschiede, die sich zwischen den Maximalwerten der Mischungslückendiagramme, ihren volumgleichen Temperaturwerten und den Werten der auf dem Heiztisch gefundenen Mikroeichkurve experimentell erfaßt und diskutiert.Es sei besonders im Falle der Oxalsäure auf die obgenannten Unterschiede hingewiesen. Im Schaubild sieht man die Eichkurve nachFischer als Gerade, um die herum sich die Werte der Maxima und die volumgleichen Werte sozusagen als 'periodische Funktionen legen. Diese Werte sind also nicht immer eindeutige Funktionen der Konzentration der betreffenden Lösung. Die Temperaturwerte des Mischungsverhältnisses 50 50 (die ja für die Aufstellung analytisch brauchbarer Eichkurven überhaupt als einzige in Betracht kämen) wurden übrigens bei der Anilinpunktbestimmung zur Prüfung von Kraftstoffen praktisch verwertet¹³. Die Mikrobestimmung in der Kapillare ist wegen der an anderer Stelle besprochenen Vorzüge jedem Makroverfahren überlegen.

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Summary Fischer's method of micro investigation of the critical mixing temperature has revealed completely new ways in the analysis of binary and ternary mixtures of liquids.By determining the miscibility gap diagram, attempts were made to discover the connections between the so-called macro-trial and the microdetermination using the Kofler heating stage, and at the same time to discover a rapid method for determining aqueous solutions of the acids under investigation, which belonged to the homologous series: oxalic, malonic, succinic acids.Furthermore, the differences which were found between the maximal values of the miscibility gap diagram, their volume-equal temperature values, and the values of the micro calibration curve found on the heated stage were discussed.Special emphasis is given to these differences in the case of oxalic acid. In the diagram, the calibration curve afterFischer appears as a straight line about which are situated the values of the maxima and the volume-equal values so-to-say as periodic functions. These values are not always therefore unequivocal functions of the concentration of the solution in question. The temperature values of the miscibility ratios (5050), which in fact are the only ones that could be considered in the construction of analytically usable calibration curves, were also evaluated in practice in the determination of the aniline point for testing motor fuels¹³. Because of the advantages discussed elsewhere, the micro determination in a capillary is superior to any macro method.

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Résumé La méthode deFischer de microdéterminations de la température critique de mélange a ouvert de nouvelles voies fondamentales à l'analyse des mélanges liquides binaires et ternaires.Dans le travail présenté l'auteur cherche à montrer, pour la série homologue acide oxalique, acide malonique, acide succinique, par l'établissement des diagrammes de discontinuité des mélanges, les relations existant entre les conditions de la «macrodétermination» et celles de le microdétermination avec le banc chauffant de Kofler; simultanément il s'efforce de mettre au point une méthode rapide de dosage des solutions aqueuses des acides considérés.Par ailleurs il a mis en évidence et discuté les différences qui se manifestent expérimentalement entre, d'une part, les valeurs maxima des diagrammes de discontinuité des mélanges et les valeurs des températures à volume constant et d'autre part les valeurs trouvées pour la courbe de micro étalonnage sur banc chauffant.L'auteur a particulièrement étudié ces différences dans le cas de l'acide oxalique. Sur la figure on voit que la courbe d'étalonnage d'aprèsFischer est une droite tandis que les valeurs des maxima et les valeurs des températures à volume constant se présentent comme des fonctions «périodiques». Il en résulte que ces valeurs ne sont pas toujours des fonctions univoques de la concentration de la solution considérée. Les valeurs de la température pour le rapport de mélange 50/50 (qui pour l'établissement de courbes d'étalonnage utilisables en analyse doivent être exclusivement frites en considération) ont été en outre pratiquement utilisées pour le contrôle de la détermination du point d'aniline de carburants¹³. La microdétermination en capillaire, du fait d'avantages qui sont décrits dans une autre publication, est supérieure à toute macro-technique.