After almost 4 years of operating on the surface of Mars, Mössbauer spectroscopy has become a mature technique for robotic planetary exploration. The combination of quantitative information about the distribution of Fe among its oxidation and coordination states, identification of Fe-bearing phases, and relative distribution of Fe among those phases provides valuable contributions to the search for past water activity, the assessment of past environmental conditions, and the suitability for life of the two NASA Mars Exploration Rover landing sites. Experience from the Mars Exploration Rover Mission highlights needs for improvement of the instruments for future missions such as the Russian Phobos-Grunt and the European ExoMars rover. 相似文献
Well‐defined nanogels have become quite attractive as safe and stable carriers for siRNA delivery. However, to avoid nanoparticle accumulation, they need to provide a stimuli‐responsive degradation mechanism that can be activated at the payload's site of action. In this work, the synthetic concept for generating well‐defined nanohydrogel particles is extended to incorporate disulfide cross‐linkers into a cationic nanonetwork for redox‐triggered release of oligonucleotide payload as well as nanoparticle degradation under reductive conditions of the cytoplasm. Therefore, a novel disulfide‐modified spermine cross‐linker is designed that both allows disassembly of the nanogel as well as removal of cationic charge from residual polymer fragments. The degradation process is monitored by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). Moreover, siRNA release is analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis and a fluorescent RNA detection assay. The results exemplify the versatility of the applied nanogel manufacturing process, which allows alternative stimuli‐responsive core cross‐linkers to be integrated for triggered oligonucleotide release as well as effective biodegradation for reduced nanotoxicity.
