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21.
Given a subgroup G of the symmetric group S
n
on n letters, a semigroup S of transformations of X
n
is G-normal if G
S
=G, where G
S
consists of all permutations h∈S
n
such that h
−1
fh∈S for all f∈S. A semigroup S is G-normax if it is a maximal semigroup in the set of all G-normal semigroups.
In 1996, I. Levi showed that the alternating group A
n
can not serve as the group G
S
for any semigroup of total transformations of X
n
. In 2000 and 2001, I. Levi, D.B. McAlister and R.B. McFadden described all A
n
-normal semigroups of partial transformations of X
n
. Also, in 1994, I. Levi and R.B. McFadden described all S
n
-normal semigroups.
In this paper, we show that the dihedral group D
n
may serve as the group G
S
for semigroups of transformations of X
n
. We characterize a large class of D
n
-normax semigroups and describe certain D
n
-normal semigroups. 相似文献
22.
Let S1, S2,…,St be pairwise disjoint non‐empty stable sets in a graph H. The graph H* is obtained from H by: (i) replacing each Si by a new vertex qi; (ii) joining each qi and qj, 1 ≤ i # j ≤ t, and; (iii) joining qi to all vertices in H – (S1 ∪ S2 ∪ ··· ∪ St) which were adjacent to some vertex of Si. A cograph is a P4‐free graph. A graph G is called a cograph contraction if there exist a cograph H and pairwise disjoint non‐empty stable sets in H for which G ? H*. Solving a problem proposed by Le [ 2 ], we give a finite forbidden induced subgraph characterization of cograph contractions. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 46: 217–226, 2004 相似文献
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Scott T. Handy Jesse J. Sabatini Yanan Zhang Inessa Vulfova 《Tetrahedron letters》2004,45(26):5057-5060
A method for the introduction of carbamate protecting groups on the ring nitrogen of electron-deficient pyrroles has been developed using the commercially available chloroformates and stoichiometric tetrabutylammonium iodide. The method is postulated to generate the more reactive iodoformates in situ to facilitate these protection reactions. 相似文献
28.
Olga Stanishevskaya Yulia Silyukova Nikolai Pleshanov Anton Kurochkin 《Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)》2021,26(19)
The combination of saccharides in the composition of a cryopreservation medium may represent a promising method for the preservation of the reproductive cells of male birds. In the current study, cryoprotective media with a combined composition of mono- and di-saccharides were developed. The degree of penetration of reducing saccharide molecules (maltose—Mal20 medium) and non-reducing disaccharide molecules (trehalose—Treh20 medium) from the cryoprotective medium into the cytosol of rooster spermatozoa was studied. LCM control media without disaccharides were used as the control. The number of maltose molecules penetrating from the outside into the cytosol of the spermatozoon was 1.06 × 104, and the number of trehalose molecules was 3.98 × 104. Using a combination of maltose and fructose, the progressive motility of frozen/thawed semen and the fertility rates of eggs were significantly higher ((p < 0.05) 40.2% and 68.5%, respectively) than when using a combination of trehalose and fructose in a cryoprotective diluent (33.4% and 62.4%, respectively). A higher rate of chromatin integrity at the level of 92.4% was obtained when using Treh20 versus 74.5% Mal20 (p < 0.05). Maltose positively affected the preservation of frozen/thawed sperm in the genital tract of hens. On the seventh day from the last insemination when using Mal20, the fertilization of eggs was 42.6% and only 27.3% when using Treh20. Despite the same molecular weight, maltose and trehalose have different physicochemical and biological properties that determine their function and effectiveness as components of cryoprotective media. 相似文献
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