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61.
1-Substituted isatins are transformed into indole derivatives by means of ethyl chloroacetate. In fact, under the conditions of the Darzens reaction they give two glycidic ester isomers 4 and 5 which, by hydrolysis in alkaline medium, undergo a transposition to indole-2,3-dicarboxylic acids 2 together with minor amounts of indole-3-carboxylic acids 3 . From isatin itself, 2,3-dicarboxyindole-1-acetic acid ( 6 ) was obtained. 相似文献
62.
Zirconia based oxide ion conductors for solid oxide fuel cells 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
O. Yamamoto Y. Arachi H. Sakai Y. Takeda N. Imanishi Y. Mizutani M. Kawai Y. Nakamura 《Ionics》1998,4(5-6):403-408
The electrical conductivity in the ZrO2-Ln2O3 and ZrO2-MO2-Ln2O3(M = Hf, Ce, Ln = lanthanides) systems has been examined.The highest conductivity of 0.3 S/cm at 1000 °C was found in the
ZrO2-Sc2O3 system. The addition of MO2 into the ZrO2-Ln2O3(Ln = Sc, Y, Yb) systems showed the conductivity decreasing. The conduction mechanism in the zirconia based oxide ion conductors
was discussed in view of the dopant ionic radius. The aging effect of the conductivity in the ZrO2-Ln2O3 systems has been measured in a temperature rang 800–1000 °C. ZrO2 with a high content of Ln2O3 showed no significant conductivity degradation.
Paper presented at the 97th Xiangshan Science Conference on New Solid State Fuel Cells, Xiangshan, Beijing, China, June 14–17,
1998. 相似文献
63.
Coupled channel calculations for (d, p) reactions were performed in which a strong coupling between the d and p channels was assumed. Reactions investigated were 16O(d, p) 17O(2s) and 40Ca(d, p) 41Ca(2p) at Ed =10.5 MeV and the related (d, d) and (p, p) scattering processes. The nonorthogonality of the d- and p-channels were taken into account. The results of these calculations are presented and are compared with the coupled channel calculations neglecting the channel nonorthogonality and also compared with the DWBA and optical model calculations. 相似文献
64.
Imanishi A Suzuki H Murakoshi K Nakato Y 《The journal of physical chemistry. B》2006,110(42):21050-21054
Dye-sensitized photocurrents at (100)-, (001)-, and (110)-cut TiO(2) rutile surfaces were increased by photoetching of TiO(2), but the increasing ratio strongly depended on the cut crystal faces and the illumination intensity for the photoetching. For the (110)-cut surface, the photocurrent increase was moderately large and in proportion to the increase in the surface area of TiO(2) induced by the photoetching, irrespective of the illumination intensity for the photoetching. On the other hand, the photocurrent increases for the (001)- and (100)-cut surfaces, especially that for the (001)-cut surface, were prominent and largely exceeded the increases in the surface area. The results were explained by taking into account the following factors: (1) The (001)- and (100)-cut surfaces were thermodynamically unstable in contrast to the (110)-cut surface and had thicker inactive surface layers (or higher densities of surface defects), produced by surface reconstruction during heat treatment of TiO(2) at 550 degrees C in a hydrogen atmosphere for getting n-type semiconductivity. (2) Photoetching not only increased the surface area through formation of nanoholes and grooves at the surface but also effectively removed the thin inactive surface layers (or surface defects). 相似文献
65.
Cavichiolo LJ Hasegawa T Nunes FS 《Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy》2006,64(1):161-165
Herein we report the synthetic route and detailed characterization of the macrocyclic complex [Co(dohpn)(SCN)2] and its linkage isomer (dohpn=2,3,9,10-tetramethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazaundecane-1,3,8,10-tetraen-11-ol-1-olate and py=pyridine) based on analytical, spectroscopic and electrochemical methods. Structural, vibrational and electronic features are discussed and a coherent assignment is proposed on the basis of semi-empirical theoretical calculations. 相似文献
66.
In this article we study the phase transition phenomenon for the Ising model under the action of a non-uniform external magnetic field. We show that the Ising model on the hypercubic lattice with a summable magnetic field has a first-order phase transition and, for any positive (resp. negative) and bounded magnetic field, the model does not present the phase transition phenomenon whenever lim?inf?h i >0, where \(\mathbf{h}=(h_{i})_{i\in \mathbb{Z}^{d}}\) is the external magnetic field. 相似文献
67.
For a topological space X and a point x ∈ X, consider the following game—related to the property of X being countably tight at x. In each inning n ∈ ω, the first player chooses a set A n that clusters at x, and then the second player picks a point a n ∈ A n ; the second player is the winner if and only if \(x \in \overline {\left\{ {{a_n}:n \in \omega } \right\}} \).In this work, we study variations of this game in which the second player is allowed to choose finitely many points per inning rather than one, but in which the number of points they are allowed to choose in each inning has been fixed in advance. Surprisingly, if the number of points allowed per inning is the same throughout the play, then all of the games obtained in this fashion are distinct. We also show that a new game is obtained if the number of points the second player is allowed to pick increases at each inning. 相似文献
68.
Paulo Leandro Dattori da Silva 《Annali di Matematica Pura ed Applicata》2010,189(3):403-413
This paper deals with semi-global C k -solvability of complex vector fields of the form ${\mathsf{L}=\partial/\partial t+x^r(a(x)+ib(x))\partial/\partial x,}This paper deals with semi-global C
k
-solvability of complex vector fields of the form L=?/?t+xr(a(x)+ib(x))?/?x,{\mathsf{L}=\partial/\partial t+x^r(a(x)+ib(x))\partial/\partial x,}, r ≥ 1, defined on We=(-e,e)×S1{\Omega_\epsilon=(-\epsilon,\epsilon)\times S^1}, ${\epsilon >0 }${\epsilon >0 }, where a and b are C
∞ real-valued functions in (-e,e){(-\epsilon,\epsilon)}. It is shown that the interplay between the order of vanishing of the functions a and b at x = 0 influences the C
k
-solvability at Σ = {0} × S
1. When r = 1, it is permitted that the functions a and b of L{\mathsf L}depend on the x and t variables, that is, L=?/?t+x(a(x,t)+ib(x,t))?/?x,{\mathsf{L}=\partial/\partial t+x(a(x,t)+ib(x,t))\partial/\partial x,}where (x, t) ? We{(x, t)\in\Omega_\epsilon}. 相似文献
69.
Federico Holik César Massri A. Plastino Leandro Zuberman 《International Journal of Theoretical Physics》2013,52(6):1836-1876
Let $\mathcal{C}$ be the set of all possible quantum states. We study the convex subsets of $\mathcal{C}$ with attention focused on the lattice theoretical structure of these convex subsets and, as a result, find a framework capable of unifying several aspects of quantum mechanics, including entanglement and Jaynes’ Max-Ent principle. We also encounter links with entanglement witnesses, which leads to a new separability criteria expressed in lattice language. We also provide an extension of a separability criteria based on convex polytopes to the infinite dimensional case and show that it reveals interesting facets concerning the geometrical structure of the convex subsets. It is seen that the above mentioned framework is also capable of generalization to any statistical theory via the so-called convex operational models’ approach. In particular, we show how to extend the geometrical structure underlying entanglement to any statistical model, an extension which may be useful for studying correlations in different generalizations of quantum mechanics. 相似文献
70.
Pascal Boeckx Leandro Paulino Carlos Oyarzún Oswald van Cleemput Roberto Godoy 《Isotopes in environmental and health studies》2013,49(3):249-259
Old-growth forests of southern Chile represent an important reserve of temperate (rain) forests in the world. Wetter and colder forest ecosystems appear to be more efficient in conserving and recycling N such that mostly non-plant available N species are lost, which could be indicated by more depleted δ15N values of the soil and plants. Hydrological N loss from the old-growth forests in southern Chile occurs mainly via dissolved organic nitrogen and not via dissolved inorganic N. Forest disturbances (e.g. fire, clear-cutting or enhanced N deposition) cause (abrupt) changes in ecosystem N-cycling processes. In this study, we hypothesized that δ15N signatures of soil profiles under old-growth forests could be used as an integrator for ecosystem N-cycling, and changes of these δ15N profiles could be valuable to assess ecosystem resilience towards disturbances. Six old-growth forests were selected in the phytogeographical region of the Valdivian rain forest in southern Chile. One of the sites has been partly burned in February 2002. First, we observed that ecosystems with higher mean annual precipitation and lower mean annual temperature were relatively more depleted in 15N. Secondly, we found that a forest fire caused a 100-fold increase of the nitrate export and induced an enrichment of the soil δ15N signal in the upper 20 cm. 相似文献