Gold-catalyzed tandem 1,3-migration/[2 + 2] cycloaddition of 1,7-enyne benzoates to azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-5-enes

A synthetic method that relies on gold(I)-catalyzed tandem 1,3-migration/[2 + 2] cycloaddition of 1,7-enyne benzoates to prepare azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-5-enes is described.     

5-Fluorouracil derivative. XVII. Synthesis and antitumor activity of 5'-O-acyl-5-fluorouridines

With the aim of diminishing the toxicity of 5-fluorouridine (1) and obtaining biologically active derivatives of 1, various kinds of 5'-O-acyl-5-fluorouridines 2 were synthesized. The antitumor activity of the compounds against L-1210 leukemia in mice was examined. The 5'-O-heptanoyl derivative 2h showed the highest antitumor activity.     

A non-stationary stochastic process model of completed marital fertility in Japan

The historic decline in completed marital fertility has long been studied for its effects on the Demographic Transition in Europe. I applied logistic models to the actual data and test for statistical fit of the model to the data. I explain the logistic patterns in declining completed marital fertility rates assume that, as Western countries underwent diffusion of family limitation, individuals observed the behavior of others in their and adjoining cohorts. Social integration is then assumed to have lead to imitative processes in which individuals increasingly reduced their fertility in through processes of endogenous feedback. I demonstrate that a non-stationary stochastic process is able to explain the change of the distribution of the ratio of the number of the children with current hypothesis of the underlying mechanism. It is also more parsimonious and provides a good fit to the observed change of the ratio distribution of the number if children that traditional approaches have not done.     

Improved Ethanol and Reduced Xylitol Production from Glucose and Xylose Mixtures by the Mutant Strain of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Candida shehatae</Emphasis> ATCC 22984

A mutant Cs3512, which showed better fermentation of xylose and the mixtures of xylose and glucose, was obtained through mutation of Candida shehatae ATCC 22984 and screening with a medium containing antimycin A and TTC (2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride). Cs3512 produced 44.4 g/l of ethanol from 121.3 g/l of xylose, which was 13% higher than that by ATCC 22984. At the same time, xylitol production was reduced by 38% to 10.2 g/l from 16.3 g/l by ATCC 22984. Cs3512 also showed 8% increase in ethanol yield from 0.39 to 0.42 g/g comparing to ATCC 22984 when fermenting the sugar mixture composed of 52.9 g/l glucose and 21.2 g/l xylose. When Cs3512 was used in the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of lime pretreated rice straw via CaCCO (calcium capturing by carbonation) process, it produced ethanol at 77% of the theoretical yield. The results imply that Cs3512 is a potential non-recombinant yeast strain for ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass.     

Structures and catalytic properties of PtRu electrocatalysts prepared via the reduced RuO2 nanorods array

Structures and properties of PtRu electrocatalyts, derived from the aligned RuO2 nanorods (RuO2NR), are investigated using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry toward COads and methanol oxidation. The catalytic activity of methanol oxidation and the CO tolerance are promoted significantly by reducing RuO2 into Ru metal before decorating with Pt. Reduction of RuO2NR was carried out by either thermal decomposition at 650 degrees C in vacuum or H2-reduction at 130 degrees C in low-pressure hydrogen. Reduction assisted by hydrogen allows infiltrating decomposition at low temperature and produces an array of nanorods with rugged walls featuring small Ru nuclei and larger surface area. Pt-RuNR, whose surface Pt:Ru ratio=0.58:0.42 was prepared by decorating with 0.1 mg cm(-2) Pt on the H2-reduced array containing 0.39 mg cm(-2) Ru, demonstrates a favorable combination of CO tolerance and high methanol oxidation activity superior to other RuO2NR-derived catalysts. When compared with a commercial electrocatalyst of PtRu (1:1) alloy (<4 nm), the activity of Pt-RuNR in methanol oxidation is shown to be somewhat lower at potential<0.48 V and higher at potential>or=0.48 V.     

Simultaneous enantioseparation of cyproconazole,bromuconazole, and diniconazole enantiomers by CD‐modified MEKC

An efficient method for the simultaneous enantioseparation of cyproconazole, bromuconazole, and diniconazole enantiomers was developed by CD‐modified MEKC using a dual mixture of neutral CDs as chiral selector. Three neutral CDs namely hydroxypropyl‐β‐CD, hydroxypropyl‐γ‐CD, and γ‐CD were tested as chiral selectors at different concentrations ranging from 10, 20, 30 and 40 mM, but enantiomers of the studied fungicides were not completely separated. The best dual chiral recognition mode for the simultaneous separation of cyproconazole, bromuconazole, and diniconazole enantiomers was achieved with a mixture of 27 mM hydroxypropyl‐β‐CD and 3 mM hydroxypropyl‐γ‐CD in 25 mM phosphate buffer (pH 3.0) containing 40 mM SDS to which methanol‐acetonitrile (10%:5% v/v) was added as organic modifiers. The best separation was based on the appearance of 10 peaks simultaneously, with good resolution (R_s 1.1–15.9), and peak efficiency (N>200 000). Good repeatabilities in the migration time, peak area, and peak height were obtained in terms of RSD ranging from (0.72 to 1.06)%, (0.39 to 3.49)%, and (1.90 to 4.84)%, respectively.     

Silver Acetate Catalyzed Hydroamination of 1-(2-(Sulfonylamino)phenyl)prop-2-yn-1-ols to (Z)-2-Methylene-1-sulfonylindolin-3-ols

A method to prepare (Z)-2-methylene-1-sulfonylindolin-3-ols efficiently that relies on silver acetate catalyzed hydroamination of 1-(2-(sulfonylamino)phenyl)prop-2-yn-1-ols is reported. The reactions proceed rapidly at room temperature with catalyst loadings as low as 1 mol % under conditions that did not require the exclusion of air or moisture. The utility of this N-heterocyclic ring-forming strategy as a synthetic tool that makes use of unsaturated alcohols was exemplified by the conversion of the (Z)-2-methylene-1-sulfonylindolin-3-ol to examples of other members of the indole family of compounds.     

Convex-cone-based comparisons of and difference evaluations for fuzzy sets

Abstract

This paper focuses on how to compare two fuzzy sets and, from the viewpoint of set optimization, proposes eight types of fuzzy-set relations based on a convex cone as new comparison criteria of fuzzy sets. Then, difference evaluation functions for fuzzy sets are introduced. Under suitable assumptions of certain compactness and stability of fuzzy sets, we show that these functions correspond well to the fuzzy-set relations. In addition, through transforming these functions stepwise, we deal with numerical calculation methods of them in particular cases. Consequently, we can judge whether each fuzzy-set relation holds or not for given two fuzzy sets with the aid of computers.