全文获取类型
收费全文 | 23524篇 |
免费 | 834篇 |
国内免费 | 125篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 15608篇 |
晶体学 | 243篇 |
力学 | 695篇 |
数学 | 2180篇 |
物理学 | 5757篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 150篇 |
2022年 | 416篇 |
2021年 | 571篇 |
2020年 | 429篇 |
2019年 | 433篇 |
2018年 | 382篇 |
2017年 | 360篇 |
2016年 | 675篇 |
2015年 | 578篇 |
2014年 | 815篇 |
2013年 | 1393篇 |
2012年 | 1699篇 |
2011年 | 1905篇 |
2010年 | 1206篇 |
2009年 | 1047篇 |
2008年 | 1605篇 |
2007年 | 1387篇 |
2006年 | 1431篇 |
2005年 | 1207篇 |
2004年 | 1071篇 |
2003年 | 898篇 |
2002年 | 848篇 |
2001年 | 527篇 |
2000年 | 473篇 |
1999年 | 329篇 |
1998年 | 210篇 |
1997年 | 205篇 |
1996年 | 270篇 |
1995年 | 184篇 |
1994年 | 197篇 |
1993年 | 202篇 |
1992年 | 151篇 |
1991年 | 123篇 |
1990年 | 125篇 |
1989年 | 97篇 |
1988年 | 68篇 |
1987年 | 72篇 |
1986年 | 50篇 |
1985年 | 74篇 |
1984年 | 50篇 |
1983年 | 42篇 |
1982年 | 63篇 |
1981年 | 62篇 |
1979年 | 46篇 |
1978年 | 45篇 |
1977年 | 34篇 |
1976年 | 41篇 |
1975年 | 37篇 |
1974年 | 36篇 |
1973年 | 34篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 10 毫秒
981.
Gate-modulated low-temperature Raman spectra reveal that the electric field effect (EFE), pervasive in contemporary electronics, has marked impacts on long-wavelength optical phonons of graphene. The EFE in this two-dimensional honeycomb lattice of carbon atoms creates large density modulations of carriers with linear dispersion (known as Dirac fermions). Our EFE Raman spectra display the interactions of lattice vibrations with these unusual carriers. The changes of phonon frequency and linewidth demonstrate optically the particle-hole symmetry about the charge-neutral Dirac point. The linear dependence of the phonon frequency on the EFE-modulated Fermi energy is explained as the electron-phonon coupling of massless Dirac fermions. 相似文献
982.
This paper investigates finite-stretching corrections
to the classical Milner-Witten-Cates theory for semi-dilute
polymer brushes in a good solvent. The dominant correction to the
free energy originates from an entropic repulsion caused by the
impenetrability of the grafting surface, which produces a
depletion of segments extending a distance μ∝L-1
from the substrate, where L is the classical brush height. The
next most important correction is associated with the
translational entropy of the chain ends, which creates the
well-known tail where a small population of chains extend beyond
the classical brush height by a distance ξ∝L-1/3.
The validity of these corrections is confirmed by quantitative
comparison with numerical self-consistent field theory. 相似文献
983.
Thin-film-based sensitivity enhancement for total internal reflection fluorescence live-cell imaging
We investigated experimentally the evanescent field enhancement based on dielectric thin films in total internal reflection microscopy. The sample employed two layers of Al2O3 and SiO2 deposited on an SF10 glass substrate. Field intensity enhancement measured by fluorescent excitation of microbeads relative to that of a control sample without dielectric films was polarization dependent, determined as 4.2 and 2.4 for TE and TM polarizations, respectively, and was in good agreement with numerical results. The thin-film-based field enhancement was also applied to live-cell imaging of quantum dots, which confirmed the sensitivity enhancement qualitatively. 相似文献
984.
Sul Lee Sunho Jeong Dongjo Kim Bong Kyun Park Jooho Moon 《Superlattices and Microstructures》2007,42(1-6):361
We have fabricated a solution-processed ZnO thin-film transistor without vacuum deposition. ZnO nanoparticles were prepared by the polyol method from zinc acetate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, and diethyleneglycol. The solution-processable semiconductor ink was prepared by dispersing the synthesized ZnO in a solvent. Inverted stagger type thin-film transistors were fabricated by spin casting the ZnO ink on the heavily doped Si wafer with 200 nm thick SiO2, followed by evaporation of Cr/Au source and drain electrodes. After the drying and heat treatment at 600 C, a relatively dense ZnO film was obtained. The film characteristics were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). In order to obtain the electrical properties of the solution-derived transistor, the on–off ratio, threshold voltage, and mobility were measured. 相似文献
985.
Wi SG Chung BY Kim JS Kim JH Baek MH Lee JW Kim YS 《Micron (Oxford, England : 1993)》2007,38(6):553-564
This review discusses the morphological changes and biological responses of plants irradiated with gamma rays. Seedlings exposed to relatively low doses of gamma rays (1-5 Gy) developed normally, while the growth of plants irradiated with a high dose gamma ray (50 Gy) was significantly inhibited. Based on TEM observations, chloroplasts were extremely sensitive to gamma irradiation compared to other cell organelles, particularly thylakoids being heavily swollen. In addition, some portions of the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum were structurally altered, for example, distortion and swelling. The cerium perhydroxide deposition, as a maker for H(2)O(2) deposition, was typically manifest on the plasma membranes and cell walls of the tissues from both the control and irradiated plants. However, the intensities of cerium perhydroxide deposits (CPDs) were remarkably increased in the plasma membranes and cell walls of pumpkin tissues such as petiole, cotyledon, hypocotyl and especially leaf after gamma irradiation. These observations are in good agreement with the results of H(2)O(2) content in all tissues. The immuno-localization analysis for peroxidase (POD) on the tissues from pumpkin plant showed the same pattern between the control and irradiated plants, but the density of gold particles as indication of POD localization was significantly increased on the cell corner middle lamellae of parenchyma cells, especially in the petiole after gamma irradiation. However, accumulation and localization of H(2)O(2) and POD in vessels were not significantly different between both plants. The accumulation and localization of both H(2)O(2) and POD were differentially affected by gamma irradiation depending on the different tissue types. The deposition of both H(2)O(2) and POD in parenchyma cells appeared much higher than in vessels, suggesting that the former is more sensitive than the latter against gamma rays. 相似文献
986.
Ultrastructural aspects of intrahyphal hyphae formation were investigated in Elsinoe fawcettii by transmission electron microscopy. Desiccated and hydrated cultures of E. fawcettii hyphae in liquid and solid media were prepared to determine the effects of water/nutrient availability and media fluidity on the formation of intrahyphal hyphae of the fungus. In all the culture conditions, intrahyphal hyphae were observed in enclosing hyphae. Electron-transparent hyphal cell walls clearly delimited intrahyphal hyphae from the cytoplasm of enclosing hyphae. Intrahyphal hyphae occupied most of the lumen of the enclosing hyphae, and showed intact hyphal cytoplasm with distinct organelles and inclusions. Intrahyphal hyphae were found to grow out of the degenerated hyphae that were almost devoid of cellular contents (simple intrahyphal hyphae). Some intrahyphal hyphae appeared to push aside a septum and passed into the adjacent hyphal cell. Besides a single intrahyphal hypha, instances were noted where enclosing hyphae contained several individual intrahyphal hyphae (multiple intrahyphal hyphae). Other enclosing hyphae contained intrahyphal hyphae, which also had intrahyphal hyphae (compound intrahyphal hyphae). The cell wall of intrahyphal hyphae showed the continuity with the cell wall of the enclosing hyphae. Concentric bodies typical of ascomycetes occurring in dry habitats were not found in all the types of hyphae. These results suggest that intrahyphal hyphae formation of E. fawcettii does not require plant defense responses. The fungus is thought to form intrahyphal hyphae during the saprophytic phase in ex planta ecological niches as well as the parasitic phase in host parts. 相似文献
987.
We describe an experimental setup designed to produce ultracold trapped gas clouds of fermionic 6Li and bosonic 87Rb. This combination of alkali metals has the potential to reach deeper Fermi degeneracy with respect to other mixtures since it allows for improved heat capacity matching which optimizes sympathetic cooling efficiency. Atomic beams of the two species are independently produced and then decelerated by Zeeman slowers. The slowed atoms are collected into a magneto-optical trap and then transferred into a quadrupole magnetic trap. An ultracold Fermi gas with temperature in the 10?3 T F range should be attainable through selective confinement of the two species via a properly detuned laser beam focused in the center of the magnetic trap. 相似文献
988.
Han M. J. Hwang S. H. Heo D. H. Kim B. C. Kim B. J. Lee J. M. Lee K. B. Seon Y. G. 《Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry》2021,330(2):571-576
Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry - A mobile radon calibration system was developed with a high-sensitivity radon detector, a movable calibration chamber, and a 226Ra solid source at... 相似文献
989.
Jeong Young Su Lee Jaegi Chun Young-Bum Uhm Young Rang Sun Gwang-Min Kim Yong Min 《Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry》2021,330(2):513-519
Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry - The defects due to cold-rolling deformation in the advanced reduced-activation alloy (ARAA) have been analyzed using positron annihilation... 相似文献
990.
Kawamura Taiga Wu Hao Kim Seong-Yun 《Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry》2021,329(2):1001-1009
Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry - (HDEHP?+?Hexa)/SiO2-P, a silica-based adsorbent, was prepared and used to separate Y(III) from a mixed solution of Sr(II) and Y(III).... 相似文献