全文获取类型
收费全文 | 4992篇 |
免费 | 298篇 |
国内免费 | 20篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 3900篇 |
晶体学 | 54篇 |
力学 | 68篇 |
数学 | 335篇 |
物理学 | 953篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 24篇 |
2022年 | 101篇 |
2021年 | 123篇 |
2020年 | 108篇 |
2019年 | 122篇 |
2018年 | 81篇 |
2017年 | 75篇 |
2016年 | 190篇 |
2015年 | 157篇 |
2014年 | 223篇 |
2013年 | 336篇 |
2012年 | 426篇 |
2011年 | 447篇 |
2010年 | 262篇 |
2009年 | 245篇 |
2008年 | 339篇 |
2007年 | 321篇 |
2006年 | 274篇 |
2005年 | 239篇 |
2004年 | 252篇 |
2003年 | 172篇 |
2002年 | 189篇 |
2001年 | 75篇 |
2000年 | 97篇 |
1999年 | 48篇 |
1998年 | 27篇 |
1997年 | 24篇 |
1996年 | 35篇 |
1995年 | 31篇 |
1994年 | 24篇 |
1993年 | 21篇 |
1992年 | 41篇 |
1991年 | 22篇 |
1990年 | 6篇 |
1989年 | 11篇 |
1988年 | 6篇 |
1987年 | 11篇 |
1986年 | 9篇 |
1985年 | 18篇 |
1984年 | 7篇 |
1982年 | 6篇 |
1981年 | 12篇 |
1980年 | 8篇 |
1979年 | 6篇 |
1978年 | 6篇 |
1977年 | 10篇 |
1976年 | 5篇 |
1975年 | 7篇 |
1974年 | 12篇 |
1973年 | 4篇 |
排序方式: 共有5310条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
191.
Qing Ri Li Seung In KimSook Jin Park Hye Ran YangA Reum Baek In Su KimYoung Hoon Jung 《Tetrahedron》2013
The total synthesis of (+)-valienamine and (−)-1-epi-valienamine was concisely accomplished from readily available d-glucose via a highly diastereoselective amination of chiral benzylic ether using chlorosulfonyl isocyanate, intramolecular olefin metathesis, and diastereoselective reduction of cyclic enone using l-Selectride as the key steps. 相似文献
192.
193.
Micro‐RNAs (miRNAs) are small, endogenous, singlestranded, and noncoding RNAs. The miRNAs have been found to perform important functions in many cellular processes, such as development, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Circulating miRNAs have been proposed as emerging biomarkers in diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease including acute myocardial infarction (AMI). In this study, we developed CE with LIF (CE‐LIF) using fluorescence‐labeled DNA probe for determination of low abundance miRNA in cell extracts. The target miRNA is miRNA‐499, a biomarker candidate of AMI with low abundance in biological samples. In order to measure the trace level of miRNA, we optimized the hybridization conditions such as hybridization time, temperature, and buffer solution. The highest fluorescence intensity of the hybridized miRNA‐499 was found when hybridization was conducted at 40°C in 50 mM Tris‐acetate (pH 8.0) buffer containing 50 mM NaCl, and 10 mM EDTA for 15 min. The hybridized miRNA‐499 was detected in cultured H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells and the analysis of miRNA‐499 was completed within 1 h using CE‐LIF. These results showed the potential of CE for fast, specific, and sensitive high‐throughput analysis of low‐abundance miRNAs in cell extracts, biofluids, and tissues. 相似文献
194.
Glenn Mangelinckx Jeroen Beeckman Olga Chojnowska Jungsoon Shin James D.K. Kim Roman Dąbrowski 《Liquid crystals》2013,40(11):1553-1558
This paper describes a novel implementation of a dual-frequency liquid crystal optical shutter of the guest–host type. The transmissive state of the filter is obtained by applying a low-frequency electric field that brings the dichroic dye in a homeotropic orientation. The light-absorbing state is realised by a twisted planar configuration for which the absorption is quasi-independent of the polarisation. Switching between the two states occurs in about 1 ms and the devices show no scattering for wavelengths inside or outside the absorption band of the dichroic dye. Simulations and experiments reveal how a twisted state is obtained through the backflow phenomenon. 相似文献
195.
Chong-Kwang Lee Soon-Sik Kwon Seung-Tae Shin E-Joon Choi Soonnam Lee Liang-Chy Chien 《Liquid crystals》2013,40(8):1007-1013
Banana-shaped achiral compounds, the 1,3-phenylene bis[4-(alkenyloxyphenyliminomethyl)benzoate]s, were synthesized with varying length of the alkenyl group; their ferroelectric properties are described. The smectic mesophases, including a switchable chiral smectic C (SmC*) phase, were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, polarizing optical microscopy and the triangular wave method. The presence of vinyl groups at the ends of the linear side-wings in the banana-shaped achiral molecules, containing a Schiff's base mesogen, induced a decrease in melting temperature and formation of the switchable SmC* phase in the melt. The compound having the octenyloxy group exhibited a spontaneous polarization of 120 nC cm?2 on reversal of an applied electric field. 相似文献
196.
Keehoon Won Young-Hoo Kim Seulji An Hye Jung Lee Saerom Park Yong-Keun Choi Ji Hyeon Kim Hak-In Hwang Hyung Joo Kim Hyungsup Kim Sang Hyun Lee 《Applied biochemistry and biotechnology》2013,171(5):1194-1202
Biofuel cells are devices for generating electrical energy directly from chemical energy of renewable biomass using biocatalysts such as enzymes. Efficient electrical communication between redox enzymes and electrodes is essential for enzymatic biofuel cells. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been recognized as ideal electrode materials because of their high electrical conductivity, large surface area, and inertness. Electrodes consisting entirely of CNTs, which are known as CNT paper, have high surface areas but are typically weak in mechanical strength. In this study, cellulose (CL)–CNT composite paper was fabricated as electrodes for enzymatic biofuel cells. This composite electrode was prepared by vacuum filtration of CNTs followed by reconstitution of cellulose dissolved in ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate. Glucose oxidase (GOx), which is a redox enzyme capable of oxidizing glucose as a renewable fuel using oxygen, was immobilized on the CL–CNT composite paper. Cyclic voltammograms revealed that the GOx/CL–CNT paper electrode showed a pair of well-defined peaks, which agreed well with that of FAD/FADH2, the redox center of GOx. This result clearly shows that the direct electron transfer (DET) between the GOx and the composite electrode was achieved. However, this DET was dependent on the type of CNTs. It was also found that the GOx immobilized on the composite electrode retained catalytic activity for the oxidation of glucose. 相似文献
197.
Highly α‐selective sialylation of sialic acid N‐phenyltrifluoroacetimidate with various galactose and lactose acceptors has been achieved by introducing the C‐5 N‐phthalyl group on the donor. The “fixed dipole effect” of the N‐phthalyl group was proposed to explain the high reactivity and α‐selectivity. The microfluidic system was applied to the present α‐sialylation, which is amenable to large‐scale synthesis. The N‐phthalyl group was removed by treatment with methylhydrazine acetate, for which protocol can be readily applied to the synthesis of a variety of sialic acid‐containing oligosaccharides. 相似文献
198.
199.
Christopher M. Lee Ashutosh Mittal Anna L. Barnette Kabindra Kafle Yong Bum Park Heenae Shin David K. Johnson Sunkyu Park Seong H. Kim 《Cellulose (London, England)》2013,20(3):991-1000
Sum-frequency-generation (SFG) vibration spectroscopy is a technique only sensitive to functional groups arranged without centrosymmetry. For crystalline cellulose, SFG can detect the C6H2 and intra-chain hydrogen-bonded OH groups in the crystal. The geometries of these groups are sensitive to the hydrogen bonding network that stabilizes each cellulose polymorph. Therefore, SFG can distinguish cellulose polymorphs (Iβ, II, IIII and IIIII) which have different conformations of the exocyclic hydroxymethylene group or directionalities of glucan chains. The C6H2 asymmetric stretching peaks at 2,944 cm?1 for cellulose Iβ and 2,960 cm?1 for cellulose II, IIII and IIIII corresponds to the trans-gauche (tg) and gauche-trans (gt) conformation, respectively. The SFG intensity of the stretch peak of intra-chain hydrogen-bonded O–H group implies that the chain arrangement in cellulose crystal is parallel in Iβ and IIII, and antiparallel in II and IIIII. 相似文献
200.
The (132R)-methoxycarbonyl group of methyl pheophorbide a, one of the chlorophyll-a derivatives, was converted to a methyl group through methylation at the C132 position followed by removal of the methoxycarbonyl group. The methylation of the C132 carboanion gave a 4:1 mixture of methyl 132-methyl-pheophorbide a and its 132-epimer. The successive pyrolysis of the major methylated product afforded methyl (132R)-methyl-pyropheophorbide a with a small amount of its (132S)-epimer. The substitution effects at the C132 position including stereochemistry were discussed on the basis of 1D/2D NMR, UV–vis absorption, and circular dichroism spectroscopic analyses as well as molecular modeling simulation. 相似文献