Enhancing the resolution of the forward second harmonic imaging using the two-photon laser scanning microscope

The effect of increasing the numerical aperture and changing the immersion imaging medium of the objective in the forward second harmonic imaging of the grana and intergranal parts of chloroplasts in the leaves of shade moss Plagiomnium affine plant were demonstrated. Also the enhancement of the forward second harmonic generation images and simultaneously records the forward and backward second harmonic signals were demonstrated. The second harmonic signals in the forward and backward directions are generated by a tightly focused linearly polarized femtosecond pulses laser.

Conclusions

Forward second harmonic signals were successfully enhanced by capturing higher order of diffraction rays from the samples using high numerical aperture water immersion objective.     

Design,Synthesis, Photophysical Properties,Biological Estimation and Molecular Docking Studies of Novel Schiff Base Derivatives as Potential Urease Inhibitors

A quinoline functionalized two novel fluorescent Schiff bases, N-(quinolin-2-ylmethylene) anthracen-1-amine (SB1) and 2-(quinolin-2-ylmethyleneamino) benzene thiol (SB2) were synthesized and confirmed by using ¹H NMR, IR and GC-MS techniques. The spectroscopic properties were examined by absorption spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy. The absorption and fluorescence spectra of the probes (SB1 and SB2) were measured in a variety of solvents. Both the compounds were tested for urease inhibitory activity. The synthesized compound SB2 proved to be the most effective screening for enzyme inhibitory activity with IC₅₀?=?0.111 μM than SB1 (IC₅₀?=?0.287 μM). Molecular docking studies were performed to delineate the binding affinity and conformational positions of chemical compounds within the active region of the target protein. In-vitro analysis depicts the potency of SB1 in free radical scavenging as compared to the reference drug vitamin C.     

Synthesis,Characterization and Crystal Structure of 2-Nitro-<Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>-[2,4-dichlorophenyl]-<Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>-(2-methylbenzoyl)benzamide

Abstract  

The title benzamide was synthesized in two steps by refluxing N-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-nitrobenzamide with thionyl chloride in dry toluene to afford 2,4-dichloro-N-[chloro(2-nitrophenyl]methylene)benzenamine intermediate followed by treatment with 2-methyl benzoic acid in presence of triethyl amine. The structure was confirmed by spectroscopic and elemental analysis. The crystal structure was determined from single crystal X-ray diffraction data. It crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P 21/c with unit cell dimensions a = 10.4122(7), b = 12.9613(7) and c = 15.5518(10) ?. The dihedral angle between the two aromatic rings is 82.32(4)°. The N2 and N3 nitro groups are oriented with respect to their attached phenyl rings at dihedral angles of 1.97(3)° and 15.73(3)°, respectively.     

Synthesis and Crystal Structures of <Emphasis Type="Italic">o</Emphasis>-[(Phenyl/<Emphasis Type="Italic">p</Emphasis>-methoxyphenyl)carbamoyl]benzene Sulfonamides

Abstract  

o-[(Phenyl/p-methoxyphenyl)carbamoyl]benzene sulfonamides were synthesized in a straightforward manner utilizing directly saccharin and aniline/p-anisidine as starting material and their crystal structures have been determined. (C₁₃H₁₂N₂O₃S): Mr = 276.31, monoclinic, P2₁/c, a = 10.277(6), b = 7.501(2), c = 16.261(10) ?, β = 96.37(2)°, V = 1,245.8(11) ?³, Z = 4. (C₁₄ H₁₄ N₂ O₄ S): Mr = 306.33, monoclinic, P2₁/c, a = 10.381(5), b = 7.861(2), c = 16.837(9) ?, β = 93.43(2)°, V = 1,371.5(10) ?³, Z = 4. In both structures the phenyl rings are inclined at 47.09(7) and 39.88(5)° with respect to each other and the structures are characterized by extensive inter and intramolecular hydrogen bonds.     

Conformal Collineations of the Ricci and Energy–Momentum Tensors in Static Plane Symmetric Space–Times

We provide a complete classification of static plane symmetric space–times according to conformal Ricci collineations (CRCs) and conformal matter collineations (CMCs) in both the degenerate and nondegenerate cases. In the case of a nondegenerate Ricci tensor, we find a general form of the vector field generating CRCs in terms of unknown functions of t and x subject to some integrability conditions. We then solve the integrability conditions in different cases depending upon the nature of the Ricci tensor and conclude that the static plane symmetric space–times have a 7-, 10- or 15-dimensional Lie algebra of CRCs. Moreover, we find that these space–times admit an infinite number of CRCs if the Ricci tensor is degenerate. We use a similar procedure to study CMCs in the case of a degenerate or nondegenerate matter tensor. We obtain the exact form of some static plane symmetric space–time metrics that admit nontrivial CRCs and CMCs. Finally, we present some physical applications of our obtained results by considering a perfect fluid as a source of the energy–momentum tensor.     

A hybrid radial basis functions collocation technique to numerically solve fractional advection–diffusion models

In this work, we propose a hybrid radial basis functions (RBFs) collocation technique for the numerical solution of fractional advection–diffusion models. In the formulation of hybrid RBFs (HRBFs), there exist shape parameter (c* ) and weight parameter (ϵ) that control numerical accuracy and stability. For these parameters, an adaptive algorithm is developed and validated. The proposed HRBFs method is tested for numerical solutions of some fractional Black–Sholes and diffusion models. Numerical simulations performed for several benchmark problems verified the proposed method accuracy and efficiency. The quantitative analysis is made in terms of L_∞, L₂, L_rms , and L_rel error norms as well as number of nodes N over space domain and time-step δt. Numerical convergence in space and time is also studied for the proposed method. The unconditional stability of the proposed HRBFs scheme is obtained using the von Neumann methodology. It is observed that the HRBFs method circumvented the ill-conditioning problem greatly, a major issue in the Kansa method.     

Anomalous Fermi-surface dependent pairing in a self-doped high-Tc superconductor

We report the discovery of a self-doped multilayer high Tc superconductor Ba2Ca3Cu4O8F2 (F0234) which contains distinctly different superconducting gap magnitudes along its two Fermi-surface sheets. While formal valence counting would imply this material to be an undoped insulator, it is a self-doped superconductor with a Tc of 60 K, possessing simultaneously both electron- and hole-doped Fermi-surface sheets. Intriguingly, the Fermi-surface sheet characterized by the much larger gap is the electron-doped one, which has a shape disfavoring two electronic features considered to be important for the pairing mechanism: the van Hove singularity and the antiferromagnetic (pi/a, pi/a) scattering.     

Energy Conditions and Conservation Laws in LRS Bianchi Type I Spacetimes via Noether Symmetries

In this paper, we have completely classified the locally rotationally symmetric (LRS) Bianchi type I spacetimes via Noether symmetries (NS). The usual Lagrangian corresponding to LRS Bianchi type I metric is used to find the set of determining equations. To achieve a complete classification, these determining equations are generally integrated to find the components of NS vector field and the metric coefficients. During this procedure, several cases arise which give different Noether algebras of dimension 5,..., 9, 11, and 17. A comparison is established between the obtained NS and the Killing and homothetic vectors. Corresponding to all NS generators, the conservation laws are stated by using Noether's theorem. The metrics which we have obtained as a result of our classification are shown to be anisotropic or perfect fluids which satisfy certain energy conditions.     

A Privacy Scheme for Digital Images Based on Quantum Particles

International Journal of Theoretical Physics - Quantum processing inspired every field of science and technology. Quantum digital content privacy schemes usually employs photons to communicate a...     

Vibration analysis of bi-layered FGM cylindrical shells

In the present study, a vibration frequency analysis of a bi-layered cylindrical shell composed of two independent functionally graded layers is presented. The thickness of the shell layers is assumed to be equal and constant. Material properties of the constituents of bi-layered functionally graded cylindrical shell are assumed to vary smoothly and continuously through the thickness of the layers of the shell and are controlled by volume fraction power law distribution. The expressions for strain–displacement and curvature–displacement relationships are utilized from Love’s first approximation linear thin shell theory. The versatile Rayleigh–Ritz approach is employed to formulate the frequency equations in the form of eigenvalue problem. Influence of material distribution in the two functionally graded layers of the cylindrical shells is investigated on shell natural frequencies for various shell parameters with simply supported end conditions. To check the validity, accuracy and efficiency of the present methodology, results obtained are compared with those available in the literature.