Darstellung und strukturen diorganylsubstituierter Silicium-Germanium-Sauerstoff-achtringe

Diphenylgermanium diphenylsilicon oxide and dimethylgermanium diphenylsilicon oxide [(R₂Ge)O(Ph₂Si)O]₂ (R = Ph, Me) have been synthesized by treatment of diorganogermanium dihalides with diphenyldihydroxysilane. The X-ray analysis showed nonplanar eight-membered silicon-germanium-oxygen rings which are more puckered than those of cyclotetrasiloxanes. In the compound with R = phenyl the silicon and germanium atoms are disordered.     

Properties and structure of copper ultraphosphate glasses

The structures of xCuO · (1 − x)P₂O₅ glasses (0 ? x ? 0.50) prepared in vacuum sealed silica ampoules were investigated using vibrational spectroscopies. With the addition of CuO, both infrared and Raman spectra indicate a systematic transformation from a three-dimensional ultraphosphate network dominated by Q³ tetrahedra into a chain-like metaphosphate structure dominated by Q² tetrahedra. IR spectra clearly show two distinct Q³ sites with bands at 1378 and 1306 cm⁻¹, assigned to PO bonds on isolated Q³ tetrahedra and PO bonds on tetrahedra that participate in the coordination environments of the Cu-octahedra, respectively. As CuO content increases, the intensity of the PO band associated with the tetrahedra increases to a maximum x ∼ 0.33, then decreases with a concomitant increase of the intensity of the band at 1265 cm⁻¹, due to the asymmetric vibration of the PO₂ groups on Q² tetrahedra. When x > 0.33 the isolated Cu-octahedra begin to share common oxygens to form a sub-network in the phosphate matrix. The effects of glass structure on the glass properties, including density, refractive index, and glass transition temperature, are discussed.     

An improved microwave Clevenger apparatus for distillation of essential oils from orange peel

Microwave Clevenger or microwave accelerated distillation (MAD) is a combination of microwave heating and distillation, performed at atmospheric pressure without added any solvent or water. Isolation and concentration of volatile compounds are performed by a single stage. MAD extraction of orange essential oil was studied using fresh orange peel from Valencia late cultivar oranges as the raw material. MAD has been compared with a conventional technique, which used a Clevenger apparatus with hydro-distillation (HD). MAD and HD were compared in term of extraction time, yields, chemical composition and quality of the essential oil, efficiency and costs of the process. Extraction of essential oils from orange peels with MAD was better in terms of energy saving, extraction time (30 min versus 3 h), oxygenated fraction (11.7% versus 7.9%), product yield (0.42% versus 0.39%) and product quality. Orange peels treated by MAD and HD were observed by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). Micrographs provide evidence of more rapid opening of essential oil glands treated by MAD, in contrast to conventional hydro-distillation.     

Ring opening of epoxides with NaHSO4: isolation of β-hydroxy sulfate esters and an effective synthesis for trans-diols

Sodium hydrogen sulfate (NaHSO₄) was observed to be highly effective as a reagent or catalyst in the ring-opening reactions of epoxides under mild conditions. Reaction of epoxides with NaHSO₄ gave isolable β-hydroxy sulfate esters and vicinal diols. Experimenting with different epoxides, the study investigated the scope of the ring-opening reaction.     

On the stability of linear conservative gyroscopic systems

A simple criterion concerning the stability of linear gyroscopic conservative systems is developed. First, a sufficient condition for stability is established. The proof is based on a transformation converting the original autonomous system into a nonautonomous system, and applying Liapunov's direct method to the latter. Then a theorem is given which provides a necessary and sufficient condition for a restricted class of systems. Illustrative examples are provided.     

一种构造高维Nilpotent正规型的方法

正规型方法是一种有效的简化一类非线方程的方法。今提出了一种简便的代数方法去构造高维非线性系统的Nilpotent范式。通过引入一系列简单的变换和代数运算,而无需求解任何偏微分方程,即可得到高维非线性系统的Nilpotent范式。以四维非线性系统为例介绍这个方法。该方法完全适用于分析高于四维的非线性系统的Nilpotent范式。     

Structural,electrical and optical properties of Ge implanted GaSe single crystals grown by Bridgman technique

Structural, optical and electrical properties of Ge implanted GaSe single crystal have been studied by means of X‐Ray Diffraction (XRD), temperature dependent conductivity and photoconductivity (PC) measurements for different annealing temperatures. It was observed that upon implanting GaSe with Ge and applying annealing process, the resistivity is reduced from 2.1 × 10⁹ to 6.5 × 10⁵ Ω‐cm. From the temperature dependent conductivities, the activation energies have been found to be 4, 34, and 314 meV for as‐grown, 36 and 472 meV for as‐implanted and 39 and 647 meV for implanted and annealed GaSe single crystals at 500°C. Calculated activation energies from the conductivity measurements indicated that the transport mechanisms are dominated by thermal excitation at different temperature intervals in the implanted and unimplanted samples. By measuring photoconductivity (PC) measurement as a function of temperature and illumination intensity, the relation between photocurrent (I_PC) and illumination intensity (Φ) was studied and it was observed that the relation obeys the power law, I_PC αΦⁿ with n between 1 and 2, which is indication of behaving as a supralinear character and existing continuous distribution of localized states in the band gap. As a result of transmission measurements, it was observed that there is almost no considerable change in optical band gap of samples with increasing annealing temperatures for as‐grown GaSe; however, a slight shift of optical band gap toward higher energies for Ge‐implanted sample was observed with increasing annealing temperatures. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Interplay between lattice dynamics and the low-pressure phase of simple cubic polonium

Low-pressure structural properties of simple cubic polonium are explored through first-principles density-functional theory based relativistic total energy calculations using pseudopotentials and plane-wave basis set, as well as linear-response theory. We have found that Po undergoes structural phase transition at low pressure near 2 GPa, where the element transforms from simple cubic to a mixture of two trigonal phases namely, hR1 (α=86°) and hR2 (α=97.9°) structures. The lattice dynamics calculations provide strong support for the observed phase transition, and show the dynamical stability (instability) of the hR2 (hR1) phase.