Thermally induced low-frequency oscillations

Summary This paper discusses nonlinear thermally induced oscillations in quasi-one dimensional flows in ducts. In practice such oscillations are frequently observed in furnaces and combustion chambers. The problem considered involves entropy disturbances which are convected through a nozzle at the end of a tube, thereby producing an acoustic wave which propagates upstream and leads to a modulation of the mass flow at the inlet of the tube. Alternatively, if the rate of heat addition (i. e. the rate of fuel addition in the case of a combustion chamber) responds only weakly or not at all to the oscillating pressure at the inlet, the modulated air flow produces an entropy oscillation (due to the oscillating equivalence ratio in the case of a combustor) downstream of the zone of heat addition (reaction zone). To obtain general stability limits for this kind of self-induced oscillation, a second-order analysis is developed which leads to a nonlinear wave equation. The convection of entropy disturbances introduces nonlinear memory effects which are responsible for a non-local character of the wave equation. The wave equation is solved with the help of a numerical evolution scheme, making use of a suitable scaling transformation which does not change the form of the equation.

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Zusammenfassung Es werden nichtlineare thermisch getriebene Schwingungen in quasieindimensionalen Rohren untersucht. In der Praxis kann dieser Schwingungstyp häufig in Feuerungsanlagen und Brennkammern beobachtet werden. Die betrachteten Schwingungen werden von Entropiestörungen angetrieben, welche die Austrittsdüse eines Rohres durchqueren und dabei Schall erzeugen. Eine der erzeugten Schallwellen läuft stromaufwärts und verursacht eine Massenstrommodulation am Eintritt des Rohres. Falls die Wärmezufuhrrate (Brennstoffzufuhrrate in einer Brennkammer) nur schwach oder gar nicht auf Druckschwankungen am Eintritt reagiert, dann verursacht die Luftmassenstromschwankung eine Entropieschwankung (aufgrund des schwankenden Brennstoff/LuftVerhältnisses) am Ende der Zone (Reaktionszone), in welcher Wärme zugeführt wird. Um allgemeine Stabilitätsgrenzen für solche selbsterregten Schwingungen zu ermitteln, wird eine Theorie zweiter Ordnung entwickelt, die zu einer nichtlinearen Wellengleichung führt. Die Konvektion von Entropiestörungen führt zu nichtlinearen Gedächtniseffekten, die für den nicht-lokalen Charakter der Wellengleichung verantworlich sind. Die Gleichung wird mit Hilfe eines numerischen Evolutionsschemas gelöst, wobei von einer Skalierungstransformation Gebrauch gemacht wird, welche die Form der Gleichung nicht verändert.

     

A left-handed supramolecular assembly around a right-handed screw axis in the crystal structure of homo-DNA

Duplexes of homo-DNA, a hexose analogue of DNA and autonomous pairing system, exhibit unusual conformational features, and in the crystal structure create a unique double-helical supramolecular motif whose main characteristic is a handedness that is opposite to that of the underlying crystallographic symmetry.     

Structure and nuclease resistance of 2',4'-constrained 2'-O-methoxyethyl (cMOE) and 2'-O-ethyl (cEt) modified DNAs

Combining the structural elements of the second generation 2'-O-methoxyethyl (MOE) and locked nucleic acid (LNA) antisense oligonucleotide (AON) modifications yielded the highly nuclease resistant 2',4'-constrained MOE and ethyl bicyclic nucleic acids (cMOE and cEt BNA, respectively). Crystal structures of DNAs with cMOE or cEt BNA residues reveal their conformational preferences. Comparisons with MOE and LNA structures allow insights into their favourable properties for AON applications.     

Hamiltonian Dynamics of a Particle Interacting with a Wave Field

We study the Hamiltonian equations of motion of a heavy tracer particle interacting with a dense weakly interacting Bose-Einstein condensate in the classical (mean-field) limit. Solutions describing ballistic subsonic motion of the particle through the condensate are constructed. We establish asymptotic stability of ballistic subsonic motion.     

Neue Bestimmungsmethode für organisch gebundenes Jod,Brom und Chlor

The catalytic dehalogenation with sodium tetrahydroborate enables rapid and simple halogen determinations especially in solutions, for example of X-ray contrasters. Organic bound iodine (in water, resp. dimethylformamide) is splitted off by NaBH₄ in the presence of palladium under stirring within 15 min at room temperature. More stable bromine and chlorine compounds need 10 min boiling of the reaction mixture with palladium on charcoal. After decomposition of the excessive sodium tetrahydroborate with acetone and addition of sulphuric acid, the halide ions are titrated potentiometrically in the known manner with silver nitrate solution using a silver/silver chloride electrode. Poisoning of the catalyst and volatility of the sample are possible disturbances.