Considerations on the recognition of the D1 receptor by agonists

Summary A model of the mechanism for recognition of the D1 receptor has been developed. Conformational analysis for 10 agonists from diverse chemical families was carried out as a first step toward the characterization of the bioactive form. First, maximum structural overlap of the features common to all ligands allowed a simple identification of the candidate bioactive form for each ligand. At a second level of characterization, steric and electronic properties were computed for all accessible structures to analyze those properties that may modulate receptor recognition.     

The synthesis of functionalized cis'-bicyclo ¦3.3.0¦octanes

A number of polyfunctionalized cis-bicycio ¦3.3.0¦octanes have been synthesized starting from the tricyclic key intermediate $\text{5}$ which was obtained by the intramolecular cyclopropanation reaction of the diazo keto ester $\text{4}$. Selected stereocontrolled transformations of $\text{5}$ using nucleophiles and electrophiles have been studied for the preparation of the title compounds.     

XPS spectra of some transition metal and alkaline earth monochalcogenides

The first-row transition-metal monosulfides and alkaline-earth chalcogenides were studied by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It is shown that the bonding in the alkaline earth compounds is relatively ionic with XPS evidence for significant charge separation. On the other hand, transition metal sulfides, with the exception of MnS, appear to be principally metallic with little or no charge separation. Values for the inner orbital binding energy shifts are reported for a large number of monochalcogenides.     

Photosensitized Oxygenation of Abieta-7,9(11)-dien-13β-ol

Dehydration of abiet-8-ene-7β, 13β-diol (ibozol, 1 ) leads to abieta-7,9(11)-dien-13β-ol ( 2 ) which aromatizes slowly to the known abieta-8,11,13-triene ( 3 ). Photosensitized oxygenation of the heteroannular diene 2 yields a mixture from which three compounds were identified; abiet-7-ene-9α, 11α, 13β-triol ( 4 ), abieta-8,11,13-trien-7-one ( 5 ), and abieta-8,11,13-trien-7α-ol ( 6 ).     

Enzymatic oxidation of tert-butylcatechol in the presence of sulfhydryl compounds: Application to the amperometric detection of penicillamine

The high sensitivity that can be attained using an enzymatic system and mediated by 4-tert-butylcatechol (4-TBC) has been verified by on-line interfacing of a rotating biosensor and continuous flow/stopped-flow/continuous-flow processing. Horseradish peroxidase, HRP, [EC 1.11.1.7], immobilized on a rotating disk, in presence of hydrogen peroxide catalyzed the oxidation of 4-TBC, whose back electrochemical reduction was detected on glassy carbon electrode surface at −150 mV. Thus, when penicillamine (PA) was added to the solution, these thiol-containing compounds participate in Michael type addition reactions with 4-TBC to form the corresponding thioquinone derivatives, decreasing the peak current obtained proportionally to the increase of its concentration. The highest response for PA was obtained around pH 7. This method could be used to determine PA concentration in the range 0.02-80 μM (r = 0.998). The determination of PA was possible with a limit of detection of 7 nM, in the processing of as many as 50 samples per hour. The HRP-rotating biosensor was successfully applied to the determination of PA in pharmaceutical formulations.     

Optimization of azeotropic protein separations in gradient and isocratic ion-exchange simulated moving bed chromatography

The separation of dilute binary mixtures of proteins by salt aided ion-exchange simulated moving bed (SMB) chromatography is optimized with respect to throughput, desorbent consumption and salt consumption. The optimal flow-rate ratios are analytically determined via an adopted "triangle theory". Azeotropic phenomena are included in this procedure. The salt concentrations in the feed and recycled liquid are subsequently determined by numerical optimization. The azeotropic separation of bovine serum albumin and a yeast protein is used to illustrate the procedure. Gradient operation of the SMB is generally preferred over isocratic operation. A feed of azeotropic salt concentration can only be separated in a gradient SMB. Desorbent and salt consumption are always lower in gradient than in isocratic SMB chromatography.     

Covalent amination of 1-alkyl- and 1-aryl-3-carbamoylpyridinium chlorides as “model” for enzymic activity of rabbit liver aldehyde oxidase

The site of animation for 1-alkyl-3-carbamoylpyridinium chlorides in liquid ammonia is dependent on the identity of the 1-alkyl substituent. For the methyl, ethyl and n-propyl derivatives exclusively 6-adducts are found. Adduct formation takes place at C-6 and C-4, when the 1-substituent is an i-propyl or t-butyl group. The adduct ratio for the latter compounds is determined by the size of the substituent. 1-Aryl derivatives exhibit amination at C-2 and C-6 and the adduct ratios are dependent on the temperature. When the aryl substituent is a 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl group the 4-adduct is detected as well. A comparison is made between the sites of oxidation of these compounds by rabbit liver aldehyde oxidase and the covalent amination pattern in liquid ammonia. It is shown that covalent animation as a “model” for the enzymic activity of aldehyde oxide1 is particularly valuable in cases where the enzyme reaction is controlled by steric factors.     

Zur Biogenese der Betacyane: Versuche mit [2-14C]-Dopaxanthin

On the biogenesis of betacyanins. Expaiments with [2-¹⁴C]-dopaxanthine Labelled dopaxanthine is prepared from betanin by a double exchange procedure replacing first its cyclodopa part by diethylamine and effecting the second exchange with 2-[¹⁴C]-dopa on the purified intermediate ‘DEA-betalain’; the specific activity delivered with the dopa allowed accurate determination of ? in the electronic spectrum of dopaxanthine (λ_max 488 nm, ? = 41.800). The C(2)-labelled dopaxanthine is incubated into the fruits of Opuntia bergeriana. The incorporation rates into betanin are found to correspond approximately to those obtained in earlier experiments with labelled dopa alone: Only 1--5% of the label showed up in the cyclodopa moiety of the betanin (which is isolated as cyclodopa-glucoside) whereas 99--95% of the radioactivity was associated with the betalamic acid part (recovered in form of indicaxanthine).     

Structural, Infrared, and Magnetic Characterization of the Solid Solution Series Sr2−xPbx(VO)(VO4)2; Evidence of the Pb6sLone Pair Stereochemical Effect

The solid solution Sr_2−xPb_xV₃O₉, 0≤x≤2, was prepared by solid state reactions and characterized by X-ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy, and magnetic susceptibility measurements. Single crystals of the pure strontium phase and mixed Sr/Pb compounds were prepared by high temperature treatment of the respective powder compositions. Pb₂V₃O₉crystals could only be obtained by the electrochemical reduction of molten PbV₂O₆. These crystals were always twinned. The previously reported crystal structure of Sr₂V₃O₉was confirmed. It was refined toR=0.050,R_w=0.057, in space group C2/c,a=7.555(1) Å,b=16.275(2) Å,c=6.948(1) Å,β=119.78(1)°. The single crystal structural studies of the Sr_1.02Pb_0.98V₃O₉and Sr_0.67Pb_1.33V₃O₉members of the series show that the introduction of lead gives rise to a progressively complicated splitting of Sr²⁺/Pb²⁺and the tetrahedral vanadium ion crystallographic sites. As a consequence the vanadium framework distorts and beyond the Sr_0.5Pb_1.5V₃O₉composition the crystal symmetry becomes triclinic. This distortion is ascribed to the stereochemical effect of the 6s²lone pair of Pb²⁺. The crystallographic parameters of Pb₂V₃O₉area=7.598(1) Å,b=16.393(3) Å,c=6.972(2) Å,α=91.38(1)°,β=119.35(1)°,γ=90.47(1)°. Pb₂V₃O₉exhibits a more complex IR spectrum than the monoclinic phases. Despite the similarity between the triclinic and monoclinic phases the magnetic susceptibilities indicate differences in the coupling between V⁴⁺ions at low temperatures.     

Synthesis and crystallographic studies of two new 1,3,5‐triazines

The synthesis and characterization of two new 1,3,5‐triazines containing 2‐(aminomethyl)‐1H‐benzimidazole hydrochloride as a substituent are reported, namely, 2‐{[(4,6‐dichloro‐1,3,5‐triazin‐2‐yl)amino]methyl}‐1H‐benzimidazol‐3‐ium chloride, C₁₁H₉Cl₂N₆⁺·Cl^? ( 1 ), and bis(2,2′‐{[(6‐chloro‐1,3,5‐triazine‐2,4‐diyl)bis(azanediyl)]bis(methylene)}bis(1H‐benzimidazol‐3‐ium)) tetrachloride heptahydrate, 2C₁₉H₁₈ClN₉²⁺·4Cl^?·7H₂O ( 2 ). Both salts were characterized using single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis and IR spectroscopy. Moreover, the NMR (¹H and ¹³C) spectra of 1 were obtained. Salts 1 and 2 have triclinic symmetry (space group P) and their supramolecular structures are stabilized by hydrogen bonding and offset π–π interactions. In hydrated salt 2 , the noncovalent interactions yield pseudo‐nanotubes filled with chloride anions and water molecules, which were modelled in the refinement with substitutional and positional disorder.