Secondary succession and its effects on soil moisture and nutrition in abandoned old-fields of hilly region of Loess Plateau, China

Floristic composition, community structure and soil moisture and nutrient contents in abandoned fields of different ages were analyzed to clarify the regenerative aspects of succession as a tool for vegetation restoration. The results indicated that secondary succession in this region can be interpreted as an auto-succession: there are main changes in species-relative abundance and species turnover. Annual or biennial species (e.g. Artemisia scoparia), acted as pioneers and strongly dominated the early stages. Then, they underwent a progressive decline, while forbs (e.g. Artemisia sacrorum) and grasses (e.g. Xanthium sibiricum) had their peak abundance at intermediate stages. Dwarf shrubs (e.g. Lespedeza dahurica) and short rhizome grass (e.g. Bothriochloa ischaemum) appeared at mid-succession stage and gradually increased in abundance during succession, becoming dominant at late stages. The first axis of detrended correspondence canonical analysis arranged the sites according to their fallow time, indicating a successional sere. The second axis, associated with diverging pathways of regeneration, correlated with topographic factors and soil moisture and nutrition. Structural divergence between plots increased as succession went on, attained the highest at the mid-succession stage, decreased at the late stage.

Soil moisture and available phosphorus content decreased steadily with field age after their abandonment, whereas pools of organic matter, total and available nitrogen, potassium and total phosphorus increased with field age. The pace and direction of recovery of native vegetation and natural soil properties in these abandoned fields resembled classic old-field succession, which is a form of secondary succession that often serves as a template for guiding restoration efforts. Interface between the abandoned field soil and plant system was crucial to the above process. Our current study supported the generally accepted hypothesis in the succession literature.     

新型树形化合物1,3,5-三-[7-(7-甲基-2,2-二-(2,2-二羟甲基-3-羟基丙氧基羰基)-6,8-二氧杂螺[3.5]-壬基)]苯的合成

以丙酮和甲酸乙酯为原料, 在醇钠的作用下合成了1,3,5-三乙酰基苯(1). 1与二溴新戊二醇在酸的作用下发生缩酮化反应, 制成1,3,5-三-(1-甲基-2,6-二氧杂-4,4-二溴甲基环己基)苯(2). 2与5,5-二甲基-4,6-二氧杂-1,3-环己二酮在乙醇钠的作用下合成了1,3,5-三-[7-(7-甲基-2,2-二-乙氧羰基-6,8-二氧杂螺[3.5]-壬基)]苯(3). 将3在氯仿中与季戊四醇进行酯交换反应得到产物1,3,5-三-[7-(7-甲基-2,2-二-(2,2-二羟甲基-3-羟基丙氧基羰基)-6,8-二氧杂螺[3.5]-壬基)]苯(4). 收率为47.7%. 标题化合物及中间产物使用IR, ¹H NMR和MS或元素分析进行了表征.     

钕掺杂磷酸盐微晶玻璃的制备及表征

利用熔融和晶化技术制备掺钕磷酸盐玻璃陶瓷。 采用差热分析、X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、紫外 可见 近红外分光光度计及荧光光谱仪对材料进行表征和分析。 结果表明,在490～540 ℃核化1～2 h,在550 ℃晶化1～3 h,可制得主晶相为Al2SiO5的透明玻璃陶瓷。 其透过率可达69%,晶粒平均尺寸为90 nm,并随热处理时间的增加逐渐增大,但透过率降低。 由于Nd3+在热处理后进入到Al2SiO5晶相中,使荧光谱线在1 056 nm处峰值比原始玻璃强度大。     

Trace determination of hexabromocyclododecane diastereomers in water samples with temperature controlled ionic liquid dispersive liquid phase microextraction

A novel temperature controlled ionic liquid dispersive liquid phase microextraction(TCIL-DLPME) coupled with rapid resolution liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry(RRLC-ESI-MS-MS) has been developed for the enrichment and determination of three hexabromocyclododecane diastereomers(HBCDs) in water samples.Green solvent ionic liquid(IL) was used as extraction solvent instead of toxic organic solvents.This technique also avoided the usage of dispersive solvent.Some important parameters that might affect the extraction efficiency were optimized.Under the optimum conditions,good linear relationship,sensitivity and reproducibility were obtained.All the limits of detection for the three diastereomers were 0.1 ng/ mL.The linear range was obtained in the range of 1-100 ng/mL for the total amount of three HBCD diastereomers.It was satisfactory to analyze real environmental water samples with the recoveries ranging from 77.2%to 99.3%.The main advantage of the method is toxic organic solvent-free.     

西瓜中4种植物生长调节剂残留的分析方法研究

建立了固相萃取/高效液相色谱法测定西瓜中24-二氯苯氧乙酸(24-D)、赤霉素(GA3)、多效唑(PP333)、6-苄氨基嘌呤(6-BA) 4种植物生长调节剂残留的方法.样品用80%甲醇溶液提取,采用Strata C18固相萃取小柱进行富集、净化,以甲醇-0.15%磷酸水溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱,经ZORBAX Ec...     

高比表面积Cr_2O_3-α-AlF_3催化剂的制备和应用(英文)

采用炭硬模板法制备了高比表面积Cr_2O_3-α-AIF_3催化剂.该催化剂的合成过程主要包括三步:(1)将一定浓度的蔗糖溶液浸渍到Cr_2O_3-γ-Al_2O_3中,然后经过热处理,使得蔗糖分解为炭;(2)将含炭的Cr_2O_3-γ-Al_2O_3固体在400℃用HF气体进行完全氟化;(3)在高温下利用燃烧法除去炭硬模板.对所制备的催化剂进行了X射线衍射(XRD),氮气吸脱附曲线,氨气程序升温脱附(NH_3-TPD),透射电镜(TEM),扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线能量散射(EDX)技术表征.结果表明,氟化过程对Cr_2O_3-α-AIF_3催化剂比表面积有重要影响,在最佳实验条件下,能够得到比表面积为115 m~2·g~(-1)的催化剂.此催化剂对催化裂解二氟乙烷(HFC-152a)制备氟乙烯(VF)的催化活性明显高于直接氟化制备的Cr_2O_3-α-AIF_3催化剂,这是因为高比表面积的Cr_2O_3-α-AIF_3催化剂具有较大的酸量.     

多糖凝胶的孔径和化学结构对单壁碳纳米管流动性和选择性分离的影响

基于凝胶柱色谱分离技术研究了单分散的单壁碳纳米管(SWCNTs)在不同化学结构多孔多糖凝胶中的流动特性以及对金属型(m-)/半导体型(s-)SWCNTs分离的影响.通过比较SWCNTs在一系列不同孔径的葡聚糖Sephacryl凝胶中的流动行为,发现减小孔径尺寸能够增强s-SWCNTs与凝胶之间的吸附作用力,使大直径的m-SWCNTs快速地流过凝胶颗粒,而选择性地保留了小直径的s-SWCNTs.进一步发现多糖凝胶化学结构比孔径尺寸在SWCNTs的m/s分离中起着更重要的作用.当基于葡聚糖结构的Sephacryl凝胶中的氨基结构被琼脂糖结构所取代时,如Superdex 200和Sepharose 2B凝胶会增强它们与SWCNTs之间的作用力,使SWCNTs的保留时间延长,降低了s-SWCNTs的选择性和纯度.此外,即使拥有与Sephacryl S100类似的孔径范围,当Sephacryl凝胶中的氨基被疏水环氧丙烷基团取代时,葡聚糖凝胶Sephadex G100与SWCNTs的作用力很弱,导致所有SWCNTs快速流动,无法实现SWCNTs的m/s分离.因而,我们认为凝胶孔径和化学结构共同影响并调控了SWCNTs的m/s分离的选择性、纯度以及分离效率.     

两亲性类树枝状聚合物的合成与药物控释

结合阴离子开环聚合方法合成了内壳为聚（乙氧基乙基缩水甘油醚）,外层为聚环氧乙烷的两亲性类树枝状嵌段共聚物PEEGE-G2-b-PEO（OH）12. 使用核磁共振氢谱以及凝胶渗透色谱等表征了中间产物和目标产物. 选择阿霉素作为实验药物,研究了该聚合物的载药和控释行为. 聚合物的载药率和包覆效率分别为13.07%和45.75%,体外释放试验表现为持续性的释放,并受到释放介质pH影响.     

主链型阳离子表面活性剂聚季铵盐的制备

以N,N-二甲基-1,3-丙二胺、尿素及1,4-二氯丁烷为原料,通过共缩聚反应两步法制备了一种新的主链型的水溶性聚季铵盐.采用正交试验获得了制备聚季铵盐的最佳条件：N,N-二甲基-1,3-丙二胺与尿素的物质的量比为2∶1,反应温度为135℃,反应时间为11h,得到中间体双[3-（N,N-二甲基丙胺基）]丙脲,产率高达99％;中间体与1,4-二氯丁烷的物质的量比为1∶1,于90℃下反应6h.采用红外光谱和核磁氢谱对产物结构进行表征,测定了其热稳定性和特性粘数.     

声化学辅助溶剂热合成高光催化性能的BiOCl光催化剂

以五水硝酸铋和氯化钠为原料,乙二醇(EG)和水作溶剂,通过声化学辅助溶剂热法合成了系列BiOCl纳米晶光催化剂。应用氮气物理吸附、X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、紫外-可见(UV-Vis)漫反射(DRS)和光电流等测试手段对所制备的光催化剂进行了表征。在汞灯和氙灯照射下,以苯酚和甲基橙为水体模型污染物,系统考察了超声辐射时间和醇水比(V_EG/V_H2O)对BiOCl光催化剂性能的影响。结果表明,当超声辐射时间为60 min,V_EG/V_H2O=1/4时,合成的BiOCl表现出最佳的光催化活性,为常规沉淀法制备的BiOCl的3.3倍。活性提高的主要原因是,适当时间的超声波辐射和醇水比有利于催化剂比表面积的提高,同时可以丰富催化剂表面羟基(-OH)的数量和提高光生电子和空穴的分离效率。