Phase structure and crystallization behavior of polyethylene in its blends with cis-1,4-butadiene rubber

Phase structure and crystallization behavior of polyethylene(PE) in its blends with cis-1,4-butadiene rubber(BR) at different blend ratios and sample preparation conditions were studied. The PE is finely dispersed in the BR matrix. For samples hot pressed at 145 °C, circular PE microdomains with randomly oriented PE lamellar aggregates were produced. The domain size and number increase with increasing PE content. When the PE content is over 10 wt%, most of the PE domains impinged each other. The separated PE domains are connected by PE stripes with parallel arranged lamellar aggregates. For samples hot pressed at 140 °C, elongated PE microdomains with oriented PE lamellar aggregates were obtained due to the shear flow. The crystallization of PE in the blends depends on the phase structure. Confined crystallization of PE occurs in small microdomains at relatively low temperature. With the increase of domain size, the crystallization ability of PE increases while the confined crystallization decreases.     

Photosensitized Thymine Dimerization via Delocalized Triplet Excited States

A new mechanism of photosensitized formation of thymine (Thy) dimers is proposed, which involves generation of a delocalized triplet excited state as the key step. This is supported by chemical evidence obtained by combining one benzophenone and two Thy units with different degrees of freedom, whereby the photoreactivity is switched from a clean Paternò–Büchi reaction to a fully chemo‐, regio‐, and stereoselective [2+2] cycloaddition.     

Direct Photoredox‐Catalyzed Reductive Difluoromethylation of Electron‐Deficient Alkenes

Photoredox‐catalyzed reductive difluoromethylation of electron‐deficient alkenes was achieved in one step under tin‐free, mild and neutral conditions. This protocol affords a facile method to introduce RCF₂ (R=H, Ph, Me, and CH₂N₃) groups at sites β to electron‐withdrawing groups. It was found that TTMS (tris(trimethylsilyl)silane) served nicely as both the H‐atom donor and the electron donor in the catalytic cycle. Experimental and DFT computational results provided evidence that RCF₂ (R=H, Ph, Me) radicals are nucleophilic in nature.     

O2‐mediated dehydrogenative amination of phenols

A method was developed for the direct dehydrogenative construction of C? N bonds between unprotected phenols and a series of cyclic anilines without resorting to any kind of metal activation of either substrate and without the use of halides. The resulting process relies on the exclusively organic activation of molecular oxygen and the subsequent oxidation of the aniline substrate. This allows the coupling of ubiquitous phenols, thus furnishing aminophenols through an atom‐economical and most sustainable dehydrogenative amination method. This new reactivity, which relies on the intrinsic organic reactivity of cumene in what can be seen as a modified Hock activation process of oxygen, is expected to have a large impact on the formation of C? N bonds in organic synthesis.     

Direct Imaging of Octahedral Distortion in a Complex Molybdenum Vanadium Mixed Oxide

Complex Mo,V‐based mixed oxides that crystallize in the orthorhombic M1‐type structure are promising candidates for the selective oxidation of small alkanes. The oxygen sublattice of such a complex oxide has been studied by annular bright field scanning transmission electron microscopy. The recorded micrographs directly display the local distortion in the metal oxygen octahedra. From the degree of distortion we are able to draw conclusions on the distribution of oxidation states in the cation columns at different sites. The results are supported by X‐ray diffraction and electron paramagnetic resonance measurements that provide integral details about the crystal structure and spin coupling, respectively.     

Frenkel‐Defect‐Mediated Chemical Ordering Transition in a Li–Mn–Ni Spinel Oxide

Using spinel‐type Li(Mn_1.5Ni_0.5)O₄ with two different cations, Mn and Ni, in the oxygen octahedra as a model system, we show that a cation ordering transition takes place through the formation of Frenkel‐type point defects. A series of experimental results based on atomic‐scale observations and in situ powder diffractions along with ab initio calculations consistently support such defect‐mediated transition behavior. In addition to providing a precise suggestion of the intermediate transient states and the resulting kinetic pathway during the transition between two phases, our findings emphasize the significant role of point defects in ordering transformation of complex oxides.     

Next‐Generation o‐Nitrobenzyl Photolabile Groups for Light‐Directed Chemistry and Microarray Synthesis

Light as an external trigger is a valuable and easily controllable tool for directing chemical reactions with high spatial and temporal accuracy. Two o‐nitrobenzyl derivatives, benzoyl‐ and thiophenyl‐NPPOC, undergo photo‐deprotection with significantly improved efficiency over that of the commonly used NPPOC group. The two‐ and twelvefold increase in photo‐deprotection efficiency was proven using photolithograph synthesis of microarrays.     

Olefin‐Directed Palladium‐Catalyzed Regio‐ and Stereoselective Oxidative Arylation of Allenes

An olefin‐directed palladium‐catalyzed oxidative regio‐ and stereoselective arylation of allenes to afford 1,3,6‐trienes has been established. A number of functionalized allenes, including 2,3‐ and 3,4‐dienoates and 3,4‐dienol derivatives, have been investigated and found to undergo the olefin‐directed allene arylation. The olefin moiety has been proven to be a crucial element for the arylating transformation.     

Whole‐Genome Sequencing of a Single Viral Species from a Highly Heterogeneous Sample

Metagenomic studies suggest that only a small fraction of the viruses that exist in nature have been identified and studied. Characterization of unknown viral genomes is hindered by the many genomes populating any virus sample. A new method is reported that integrates drop‐based microfluidics and computational analysis to enable the purification of any single viral species from a complex mixed virus sample and the retrieval of complete genome sequences. By using this platform, the genome sequence of a 5243 bp dsDNA virus that was spiked into wastewater was retrieved with greater than 96 % sequence coverage and more than 99.8 % sequence identity. This method holds great potential for virus discovery since it allows enrichment and sequencing of previously undescribed viruses as well as known viruses.