The determination of dissolved manganese and cadmium in sea water at low nmol 1−1 concentrations by chelation and extraction followed by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry

The development and application of a method suitable for the determination of dissolved manganese and cadmium in sea water at the low concentrations typical of the open ocean is described. A mixed dithiocarbamate/Freon TF extraction system is used to separate trace metals from major constituents, prior to back extraction into a final dilute nitric acid solution and subsequent determination of the metals by graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The procedure also separates dissolved Co, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn from a sea-water matrix. A mechanized system for the extraction step and measures to control contamination are described. The detection limits (3 σ) for manganese and cadmium are 0.10 and 0.04 nmol l^?1, respectively.     

Polymer blends—I. Mechanical and morphological behaviour of polyethylene/polyvinyl chloride blends

As part of a fundamental study of the behaviour of mixed plastics during reprocessing and in service, blends of low density polyethylene (LDPE) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) have been investigated. It was found that Young's modulus increased steadily from pure LDPE to pure PVC whereas both tensile strength at break and elongation at break passed through a minimum at about 5% PVC. Optical and scanning electron microscope studies have related this mechanical behaviour to morphological changes in the two phase system under stress.     

Synthesis and antiinflammatory activity of the sulfoxides of 4-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl] - 3,4- dihydro- 2-(1-hydroxyethyl)-3-phenyl-2H-1,4-benzothiazine

Oxidation of 4-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-3,4-dihydro-2-(1-hydroxyethyl)-3-phenyl-2H-1,4-benzothiazine, hydrochloride (I) with hydrogen peroxide yielded a mixture of two sulfoxides (II). Since this mixture exhibited antiinflammatory activity, the two components (Isomers A and B) were prepared in purified form by oxidation of I with N-chlorosuccinimide and hydrogen peroxide, respectively. Isomer A was more potent than Isomer B in the carrageenin-induced edema test.     

Intramolecular hydroboration of unsaturated phosphine boranes

Homoallylic phosphine boranes undergo intramolecular hydroboration upon activation by triflic acid. The reaction occurs via an intermediate B-trifluorosulfonyloxyborane complex such as 15, followed by S(N)1-like or S(N)2-like displacement of the triflate leaving group, apparently leading to the formation of a four-center transition state. In the case of trisubstituted double bonds, as in the substrates 29 and 32, ionic hydrogenation of the alkene competes with internal hydroboration.     

Use of the mannich reaction in the synthesis of bispidine

A three-step synthesis of bispidine ( 1 ) is described. Mannich condensation of N-benzyl-4-piperidone, formaldehyde, and benzylamine afforded N,N′-dibenzylbispidinone ( 5 ), which was reduced under modified Wolff-Kishner conditions to yield N,N′ -dibenzylbispidine ( 6 ). Catalytic debenzylation of this compound gave 1 .     

On the dimerization of BH3 and the associated delocalization (resonance) energy

SCF calculations utilizing a basis of all s-type Gaussians have been performed to investigate the dimerization of BH₃ to B₂H₆. Localized molecular orbitals and pseudonatural orbitals are calculated. The dimerization energy obtained (11.5 kcal/mole) supports the assumption that the non-Hartree-Fock interactions (electron correlation) play a dominant role (Exp = 40–60 kcal/mole). The energy of the principal type of resonance structure based on the SCF-MO 's of the separated-but-distorted BH₃ systems is rigorously calculated and found to be 150 kcal/mole higher in energy than the SCF energy of B₂H₆. Thus, resonance stabilization (delocalization) is shown to be extremely important to the stability of the “three-center” bonds in B₂H₆, as has been suspected for many years.     

Optimization of a wet chemical continuous flow analysis method exemplified by the determinations of kjeldahl nitrogen and total phosphorus

The optimization of a rather complex wet chemical analysis method, such as the measurement of Kjeldahl nitrogen or total phosphorus with the Technicon AutoAnalyzer, is extremely tedious when purely empirical approaches are used. A mathematical model of the different stages of the measuring method (digestion, neutralization and color reaction) is described. The system can then be optimized for maximum measuring sensitivity. Optimization is done by solving numerically the non-linear optimization problem with constraints. The starting values for the optimization algorithm were found by varying these values systematically within the tolerated range, with checks that none of the constraints were violated. The theoretical results predict an increase in sensitivity by a factor of 15 compared to the method used previously. In practice, the sensitivity was increased by a factor of 10 for the total phosphorus method. For the simultaneous low-level determinations of Kjeldahl nitrogen and total phosphorus some problems of stability remain.     

Theory of aging in structural glasses

The random first-order transition theory of the dynamics of supercooled liquids is extended to treat aging phenomena in nonequilibrium structural glasses. A reformulation of the idea of "entropic droplets" in terms of libraries of local energy landscapes is introduced which treats in a uniform way the supercooled liquid (reproducing earlier results) and glassy regimes. The resulting microscopic theory of aging makes contact with the Nayaranaswamy-Moynihan-Tool nonlinear relaxation formalism and the Hodge-Scherer extrapolation of the Adam-Gibbs formula, but deviations from both approaches are predicted and shown to be consistent with experiment. The nonlinearity of glassy relaxation is shown to quantitatively correlate with liquid fragility. The residual non-Arrhenius temperature dependence of relaxation observed in quenched glasses is explained. The broadening of relaxation spectra in the nonequilibrium glass with decreasing temperature is quantitatively predicted. The theory leads to the prediction of spatially fluctuating fictive temperatures in the long-aged glassy state, which have non-Gaussian statistics. This can give rise to "ultraslow" relaxations in systems after deep quenches.     

Oxydation von Allylalkoholen mit Blei(IV)-acetat

Lead tetraacetate (LTA) oxidation of the allylic alcohols 1, 10, 14 and 19 leads to the formation of the epoxides 2, 11, 15 and 20 , products of a novel internal addition reaction of the electron deficient alcohol oxygen to the allylic double bond. In some cases ( 10, 14 ) the formation of a new type of acetoxylated enolethers ( 12, 16 ) is observed. The LTA oxidation of the allylic dienols 21 and 29 gives rise to the formation of the epoxyacetates 25 and 33 , products of a similar internal addition reaction. Furthermore, a variety of cyclization products ( 22, 23, 24, 26, 30, 31, 32 and 34 ) has been isolated whose formation requires an isomerisation of the allylic trans double bond to a cis one.