A note on streaming double refraction in a dilute suspension of rigid spheroids subject to weak Brownian rotations

Summary The phenomenon of streaming double refraction is examined theoretically for simple shear flow of a dilute suspension of rigid spheroids which are subject to weak Brownian rotations. In particular, we employ recently derived expressions for the statistical distribution of particle orientations in the limit of weak rotaryBrown-ian motion to calculate the corresponding limiting behavior of the extinction angle and the birefringencen. These are compared with the earlier results ofScheraga, Edsall, andGadd (17), who utilized a slowly convergent series solution due toPeterlin andStuart for the orientation distribution. The familiar stressoptical relations which have been proposed for various polymeric materials are found to be inapplicable for a suspension of the type considered.     

Mechanism Equivalence in Enzyme–Substrate Reactions: Distributed Differential Delay in Enzyme Kinetics

We consider single enzyme–substrate reaction mechanisms involving multiple complexes and demonstrate that these are equivalent to a distributed delay system without complexes. The distribution of the delay is determined by the number of intermediates and the relative sizes of the rates of the individual reaction mechanisms. We also consider the limit where there are a large number of intermediate complexes, and the conditions under which a number of known reaction mechanisms are equivalent. The present formalism brings forth new perspectives in the implementation of experimental techniques to rule out particular reaction mechanisms by studying the distribution of the delay between reactant mixing and product formation.     

Corner flow of a suspension of rigid rods

Stress singularities in the neighbourhood of sharp corners can be a source of severe problems in the numerical simulation of non-Newtonian flows leading to loss of convergence with grid refinement (G.G. Lipscombe, R. Kennings and M.M. Denn, J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech., 24 (1987) 85 [1]). For Newtonian flows the nature of this singularity is given by the analysis of Dean and Montagnon (W.R. Dean and P.E. Montagnon, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A., 308 (1949) 199 [2]) in terms of similarity solutions. In this paper we extend this similarity analysis to a suspension of rigid rods. In the limit of nearly full extension the FENE constitutive model has the same behaviour as such a suspension. Our analysis predicts the possibility of lip vortices but their behaviour is somewhat inconsistent with those observed experimentally.     

Trajectory compensation in an autoresonant trap mass spectrometer

The auto-resonant trap mass spectrometer, ART-MS, utilizes electrostatic ion trapping within an anharmonic potential well. Ions are detected after mass selective trap ejection with auto-resonant driving employing only low-power rf electronics. We identify the major limiting factor in the mass resolution of these instruments. Whilst keeping in the spirit of maintaining a rapid scan rate, low cost, lightweight instrument, with minimal required machining tolerances, we introduce a method for much improving the mass resolutions of an ART-MS. The addition of two electrodes has enabled an improvement in the mass resolution by a factor of ～4. The scheme significantly reduces the effects of a finite sized trap and compensates for the influence of radial variation in natural oscillating frequencies within the trap. Compensation can be implemented with a wide range of designs and is not limited by the size of the trap.     

Evidence for non-thermalized vibrationally excited molecule production during azomethane pyrolysis in methane desorption from Cu(001)

A Cu(001) surface was exposed to products of an azomethane pyrolysis doser at varying temperatures. In addition to methyl radical adsorption, for certain doser conditions one or more doser emergent species can undergo an activated adsorption on the copper face. Directly after exposures, temperature programmed desorption between 170 K and 500 K was used to indicate the relative concentrations of adsorbed atomic hydrogen and methyl species, and thermally induced surface reactions. Two methane desorption features were invariably observed, indicating the presence of adsorbed methyl groups (CH₃) and transient adsorbed atomic hydrogen. The deduced relative surface concentrations levels of both H and CH₃ depend on the total exposures and the operating temperatures of the azomethane pyrolysis doser. The initial H concentrations apparent at surface temperatures between 275 K and 375 K are shown to arise from defect-related methyl decomposition and, at high operating doser temperatures, from the initial adsorption of one or more activated Cu incident species. It is proposed that the distributions of vibrational energies of emergent molecular hydrogen or methane species from higher temperature dosers are non-thermal. Hence, with doser temperatures of 800 °C or above, the effects of subsequent dissociative molecular adsorption on the copper surface can dominate over Cu defect chemistries.     

Bi2223带材临界电流沿长度方向的统计分布

本文采用四引线法测量了Bi2223带材临界电流沿长度方向的分布,采用正态分布、对数正态分布、威布尔分布和最小极值分布对临界电流分布进行了拟合检验,确定了临界电流的最优统计分布模型.