The synthesis of N-[2-(D-glucos-3-O-yl)propionyl]-l-alanine and N-[(d-glucos-3-O-yl)acetyl]-l-alanine

N-[2-(D-Glucos-3-O-yl)propionyl]-L-alanine ( 7a ) was synthesized, which has a glucose residue instead of N-acetylglucosamine residue in the muramyl peptide. N-[(D-Glucos-3-O-yl)acetyl]-L-alanine ( 7b ) was also synthesized as a glycolyl analog of 7a in order to determine the relationship between the structure of propionyl moiety in the carbohydrate analog ( 7a ) and the adjuvant activity. These simple analogs are compounds prepared for the purpose of introduction into a synthetic polymer with the view of producing polymeric drugs.     

Michael addition reactions between chiral equivalents of a nucleophilic glycine and (S)- or (R)-3-[(E)-enoyl]-4-phenyl-1,3-oxazolidin-2-ones as a general method for efficient preparation of beta-substituted pyroglutamic acids. Case of topographically controlled stereoselectivity

This paper describes a systematic study of addition reactions between the chiral Ni(II) complex of the Schiff base of glycine with (S)-o-[N-(N-benzylprolyl)amino]benzophenone and (S)- or (R)-3-[(E)-enoyl]-4-phenyl-1,3-oxazolidin-2-ones as a general and synthetically efficient approach to beta-substituted pyroglutamic acids and relevant compounds. These reactions were shown to occur at room temperature in the presence of nonchelating organic bases and, most notably, with very high (>98% diastereomeric excess (de)) stereoselectivity at both newly formed stereogenic centers. The stereochemical outcome of the reactions was found to be overwhelmingly controlled by the stereochemical preferences of the Michael acceptors, and the chirality of the glycine complex influenced only the reaction rate. Thus, in the reactions of both the (S)-configured Ni(II) complex and the Michael acceptors, the reaction rates were exceptionally high, allowing preparation of the corresponding products with virtually quantitative (>98%) chemical and stereochemical yields. In contrast, reactions of the (S)-configured Ni(II) complex and (R)-configured Michael acceptors proceeded at noticeably lower rates, but the addition products were obtained in high diastereo- and enantiomeric purity. To rationalize the remarkably high and robust stereoselectivity observed in these reactions, we consider an enzyme-substrate-like mode of interaction involving a topographical match or mismatch of two geometric figures. Excellent chemical and stereochemical yields, combined with the simplicity and operational convenience of the experimental procedures, render the present method of immediate use for preparing various beta-substituted pyroglutamic acids and related compounds.     

15β-Hydroxylation of Lithocholic Acid by cunninghamella sp.

The microbiological transformation of lithocholic acid (3α-hydroxy-5β-cholanic acid) into 3α, 15β-dihydroxy-5β-cholanic acid by Cunninghamella sp. is Investigated. The structure has been determined on the basis of two-dimensional ¹H-NMR.     

Gyromagnetic ratios of excited states in186W

The gyromagnetic ratios of the 4 ₁ ⁺ , 6 ₁ ⁺ , and 2 ₂ ⁺ states in¹⁸⁶W were measured relative to that of the 2 ₁ ⁺ level by means of the transient field implantation perturbedγ-ray angular distribution technique. The nuclei in the states of interest were Coulomb excited using a beam of 220-MeV⁶³Cu projectiles and recoiled swiftly through a thin, polarized Fe foil. The present measurements yielded ratiosg(4 ₁ ⁺ )/g(2 ₁ ⁺ )=1.04±0.07,g(6 ₁ ⁺ )/g(2 ₁ ⁺ )=1.03 ±0.20 andg(2 ₂ ⁺ )/g(2 ₁ ⁺ )=0.63±0.13. The sizable disparity between the measuredg-factors of the ground- and excited-band is examined within the context of the interacting boson approximation model.     

Antianoxic action and active constituents of evodiae fructus

In order to develop new drugs from natural products, constituents of natural medicines were examined for their effectiveness in the KCN-induced anoxia model in mice. Methanol extract from a Chinese medicine, evodia (fruits of Evodia rutaecarpa Benth. or E. officinalis Dode), had a significant effect in the KCN-induced anoxia model in mice and therefore the active constituents were further examined. The results indicated that the antianoxic action of evodia was found in the fraction containing evodiamine. Further analysis of the active constituent indicated that evodiamine and rutaecarpine, indole-alkaloids found in large amounts in the Chinese medicine evodia, were mainly responsible for the antianoxic action.     

Phenotyping of erythrocyte acid phosphatase and esterase D by high field strength isoelectric focusing on cellulose acetate membrane

Phenotyping of erythrocyte acid phosphatase (EAP) and esterase D (ESD) by cellulose acetate membrane isoelectric focusing (CAM-IEF) under a nonequilibrium condition is described. In an attempt to improve the method of CAM-IEF, we shortened the electrode distance to provide a higher field strength at a given (low) voltage. Various carrier ampholytes for EAP typing and various chemical separators for ESD typing were also tested. Good separations were obtained after 30 min IEF for EAP typing and 25 min for ESD typing. When applied to blood stains and stored for various periods at room temperature, the stains up to 8 months old could still be phenotyped for EAP and those up to 4 weeks old for ESD. CAM-IEF is suitable for routine forensic work of EAP and ESD phenotyping.     

Effect of phenyl substituent on the dimerization of copper(II)-carboxylate in solvent extraction of copper(II) with phenylacetic acid

The effects of the phenyl substituent on the dimerization of copper(II) carboxylate in the solvent extraction of copper(II) with phenylacetic acid using benzene and 1-octanol as a solvent were investigated, at 25 degrees and at the aqueous ionic strength of 0.1M (NaClO(4)). The dimerization of copper(II) phenylacetate has been found to be written as: 2CuA(2)Cu(2)A(4) in 1-octanol, and 2CuA(2)(HA)(2)Cu(2)A(4)(HA)(2) + (HA)(2) in benzene, with the dimerization constants, log K = 2.24 and log K = 4.19, respectively. It was proved that the phenyl group inhibits the formation of the dimeric copper(II) phenylacetate, and its effect is partially shielded by a methylene substituent.     

Effect of labile hydrogens on measurement of tritium preserved in hydrogens of cellulose

Various f-elements are separated as anionic complexes from both acidic and alkaline solutions by precipitation with alkylpyridinium salts. The precipitates are also cationic surfactants where the simple counter-ion (e.g. nitrate or chloride) is replaced by the negatively charged complex anion of an actinide or lanthanide. The low solubility of these precipitates is explained by a strong affinity of divalent complex counter-ions of f-elements to the quaternary nitrogen. Precipitations in solutions of nitric acid allow to separate tetravalent f-elements from other metals, in alkaline carbonate solutions tetravalent and hexavalent actinides are precipitated simultaneously. The last procedure yields precipitates, which are very intimate mixtures of hexavalent and tetravalent actinides. This allows to prepare mixed oxides in a simple way.