Electron-transfer polymers. XXVIII. Synthesis of vinyl hydroquinone derivatives by means of the wittig reaction

The Wittig reaction has been applied to unsubstituted, monomethyl-, 3,6-dimethyl-, and trimethyl-2,5-dimethoxybenzyl chlorides to produce in quantitative to good yields the corresponding vinyl monomers, unsubstituted, monomethyl-, 3,6-dimethyl-, and trimethyl-2,5-dimethoxystyrenes. The reaction is applicable also to 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylbenzaldehyde, and to O,O′-bis-(methoxymethyl)resorcinol-4-aldehyde to yield the corresponding vinyl monomers. The reaction is particularly suitable with all these compounds because it is run at room temperature or below and gives good to quantitative yields.     

Bestimmung von Phosphor als Chinolinphosphormolybdat

Zusammenfassung Eine einfache Methode wurde ausgearbeitet, bei der Phosphor als Chinolinphosphormolybdat bestimmt wird. Die Methode ist besonders bei niedrigen Phosphorgehalten und in Gegenwart von fünfwertigem Vanadium zu empfehlen. Eine Reihe von Arbeitsbereichen, in denen die Methode Anwendung findet, wird angegeben.     

Addition of arylboronic acids to symmetrical and unsymmetrical azo compounds

[reaction: see text] The addition of aryl- and heteroarylboronic acids to azo compounds is described. Copper salt catalysis was necessary to perform the reaction under mild conditions and high yields. Excellent regioselectivity was observed in addition to unsymmetrical azo compounds.     

Formation of an exciplex with mixed ligands in the mercury-photosensitized luminescence of alcohol-amine mixtures in the liquid phase

The liquid-phase mercury-photosensitized luminescence of tert-butyl alcohol (TL)-tert-butylamine (TM) mixtures has been investigated by a steady-state illumination method over a wide range of substrate concentrations. The emission bands from exciplexes (HgTL* and HgTM*) between an excited mercury atom and an alcohol or an amine molecule were observed at about 330 nm and 370 nm, respectively, in TL and TM solutions in cyclohexane. Two other bands appeared at 405 nm and 455 nm for TM at high concentrations. These bands were previously assigned to two types of 1:2 exciplexes (HgTM(2)* and HgTM(2)**). In TL-TM mixed solutions, a new band appeared at about 400 nm. The intensity of this band increased with increasing concentrations of TL and TM. This band was attributed to an exciplex with mixed ligands (HgTLTM*). This band was observed for the first time in this study. The energized intermediate, (HgTLTM*)(not equal), formed between HgAL* and AM can be effectively stabilized by collisions with solvent molecules in solution, while it decomposes to HgAM* and AL in the gas phase. The results for TL-TM mixtures can be explained by the proposed reaction mechanism.     

Active ion rate participation in cuprates superconductivity

The missing link between theory and experiment of the cuprates was examined. The missing link was traced to an unknown parameter known as the active ion participation rate (AIPR). Its dimensionality was mathematically derived and its influence over the critical temperature was explained. We show that the AIPR plays an important role in both s-wave and d-wave symmetries. Hence, we proved that AIPR is salient in understanding the high temperature superconducting mechanism in cuprates.     

Efficient methodology for selective alkylation of hydrazine derivatives

Formation and use of a nitrogen dianion for selective hydrazine alkylation is reported. The scope and limitations of a new method were demonstrated. The novel method provides fast and easy access to substituted hydrazines, which are widely used as drugs, pesticides, and precursors for a variety of compounds in organic synthesis. [reaction: see text]     

Electrocatalysis of oxygen reduction on glassy carbon electrodes modified with anthraquinone moieties

Anthraquinone groups were electrochemically grafted to glassy carbon (GC) electrodes via methylene linker to study the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in alkaline medium. Two different anthraquinone derivatives, 2-bromomethyl-anthraquinone or 2-chloromethyl-anthraquinone, were used to modify the GC electrode surface. Several modification conditions encompassing potential cycling and electrolysis at a fixed potential were employed in order to vary the surface concentration of MAQ groups (Γ _MAQ) and to study the dependence of the O₂ reduction behaviour on electrografting procedure. Cyclic voltammetry confirmed the presence of anthraquinone moieties attached to the GC electrode and Γ _MAQ varied in the range of (0.5–2.4)?×?10^?10 mol cm^?2. Oxygen reduction was studied on MAQ-modified GC electrodes of various surface coverage using the rotating disc electrode (RDE) and rotating ring-disc electrode (RRDE) methods. The RDE and RRDE results of O₂ reduction reveal that GC/MAQ electrodes show rather similar electrocatalytic behaviour towards the ORR yielding hydrogen peroxide as the final product.     

Prospective study to assess the clinical efficacy of bone scintigraphy--some analyses of clinical data

The value of preoperative bone scans in patients with primary breast and prostate cancer was evaluated prospectively. Of 414 patients with breast cancer, clinical stage I is 14, II is 219, IIIA is 59, IIIB is 39 and IV is 14. Of 88 patients with prostate cancer, clinical stage I is 14, II is 15, III is 18 and IV is 41. 11 percent of patients with breast cancer and 54 percent of patients with prostate cancer had bone metastases. Clavicle, ribs, thoracic spine, lumbar spine and pelvis metastasized most frequently. The incidences of bone metastases were 18.4% with Scirrhous carcinoma, 15.4% with Medullary tubular carcinoma and 3.8% with Papillotubular carcinoma. The methodology and results of ROC analysis were described in our other papers. Some results of data analysis were described in this paper.