Synthesis and reaction of polymers bearing 5-membered cyclic dithiocarbonate group

5-(Methacryloyloxy)methyl-1,3-oxathiolane-2-thione ( 3 ) was synthesized from glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and carbon disulfide in the presence of lithium bromide in 93% yield. The radical polymerization of 3 in DMSO initiated by AIBN at 60°C afforded corresponding polymethacrylate 4 quantitatively. Copolymerization of 3 with MMA was also carried out. 5-Phenoxymethyl-1,3-oxathiolane-2-thione ( 6 ), model dithiocarbonate, reacts with benzylamine at room temperature to afford O-(1-mercapto-3-phenoxy-2-propyl)N-benzyl-thiocarbamate ( 7 ) and 1,1′-dithiobis[3-phenoxy-2-(benzylaminothiocarbonyloxy)-propane] ( 8 ) in 89% and 7% yield, respectively. Polymer 4 reacted with butylamine or dipropylamine to afford a corresponding polymethacrylate bearing thiol group, which immediately turned to insoluble gel by facile auto-oxidation of the thiol group. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Polymerization of coordinated monomers. XIV. Systematic deviations from alternating regulation in copolymerization of methyl methacrylate with styrene in the presence of metal halides

Methyl methacrylate (MMA) and styrene (St) copolymerize in the presence of zinc chloride at 3°C under photoirradiation. The contents of methyl methacrylate in the copolymers obtained at a [ZnCl₂]/[MMA] molar ratio of 0.4 are systematically larger than 53 mole %, which is the limiting value at a small feed ratio of methyl methacrylate. The resulting copolymers are confirmed as the sole products and not the mixtures by thin layer chromatography. The effect of dilution of the monomer feed mixture with toluene on copolymer composition suggests that it depends chiefly on the feed concentration of styrene and hardly at all on monomer feed ratios. Copolymerizations are also conducted in the presence of stannic chloride at ?17°C under photoirradiation and in the presence of ethylaluminium sesquichloride at 0°C with spontaneous initiation. The contents of methyl methacrylate in both copolymers obtained at feed ratios lower than 60 mole % almost correspond to the 1:1 alternating copolymer and increase systematically with higher feed ratios. The systematic deviations of copolymer composition obtained in the presence of metal halides are reasonably interpreted by the participation of the binary molecular complex composed of metal halide and methyl methacrylate in the polymerization of the ternary molecular complex composed of metal halide, methyl methacrylate, and styrene.     

Addition of adamantylidene to La2@C78: isolation and single-crystal X-ray structural determination of the monoadducts

Thermal and photochemical reactions of La2@C78 with 2-admantane-2,3-[3H]-diazirine are investigated. Four isomers of the monoadduct (La2@C78Ad) synthesized by the photoreaction are isolated by HPLC and characterized by mass, UV-vis-NIR absorption, cyclic voltammogram and differential pulse voltammogram spectroscopy, proton and 13C NMR spectroscopic analysis, single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, and theoretical approaches. The addition reactions occur at both the [5,6] and [6,6] positions. X-ray and theoretical studies indicate that one of the monoadduct isomers has an open structure with two La atoms on the C3 axis of the D3h cage of La2@C78.     

Synthesis of (+)-goniopypyrone and (+)-goniotriol using Pd-catalyzed carbonylation

Syntheses of (+)-goniopypyrone and (+)-goniotriol isolated from Goniothalamus giganteus were achieved. The key steps involve Pd-catalyzed carbonylation for lactone ring formation and diastereoselective reduction of ynone using the (R)-CBS catalyst and borane dimethyl sulfide complex.     

Regioselective Exohedral Functionalization of La@C82 and its 1,2,3,4,5‐Pentamethylcyclopentadiene and Adamantylidene Adducts

The first regioselective functionalization of La@C₈₂ by two different groups has been performed. Bis‐adducts of La@C₈₂ with Cp* and adamantylidene were synthesized by using two different routes and characterized. Spectroscopic analysis and theoretical calculations reveal that the addition position is controlled by the charge density and p‐orbital axis vector value of the fullerene cage.     

Polymerization of coordinated monomers. X. Kinetic study of alternating copolymerization of methyl methacrylate and styrene with stannic chloride in dichloroethane

The alternating copolymerization of methyl methacrylate with styrene with the use of stannic chloride was kinetically examined at ?20°C in 1,2-dichloroethane both under photoirradiation and with radical initiator (2:1 tri-n-butylboron-benzoyl peroxide system). At conversions lower than 7%, the conversion increases linearly to the polymerization time, whereas the degree of polymerization is constant irrespective of the polymerization time. The alternating copolymerizations are 1.5 order and the 1.0 order reactions with respect to the ternary molecular complex composed of stannic chloride, methyl methacrylate, and styrene, under photoirradiation and with initiator, respectively. The linear dependences of the rates upon the 0.5 order of the intensity of the incident light and upon the 1.0 order of the concentration of tri-n-butylboron indicate a bimolecular termination. The rate normalized by the 1.5 order of the concentration of the coordinated methyl methacrylate and the rate normalized by the concentration of the coordinated methyl methacrylate are proportional to the 1.5 and 1.0 orders of the charged concentration of styrene, for the copolymerizations under photoirradiation and with initiator, respectively. The kinetic results in the 1,2-dichloroethane solution are quite consistent with those in the toluene solution. The alternating copolymerization mechanism, in which the ternary molecular complex predominantly homopolymerizes as a monomer unit, is confirmed.