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71.
P. Thomsen-Schmidt K. Hasche G. Ulm K. Herrmann M. Krumrey G. Ade J. Stümpel I. Busch S. Schädlich A. Schindler W. Frank D. Hirsch M. Procop U. Beck 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2004,78(5):645-649
High-accuracy film thickness measurements in the range below 100 nm can be made by various complex methods like spectral ellipsometry (SE), scanning force microscopy (SFM), grazing incidence X-ray reflectometry (GIXR), or X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF). The measurement results achieved with these methods are based on different interactions between the film and the probe. A key question in nanotechnology is how to achieve consistent results on a level of uncertainty below one nanometre with different techniques.Two different types of thickness standards are realised. Metal film standards for X-ray techniques in the thickness range 10 to 50 nm are calibrated by GIXR with monochromatised synchrotron radiation of 8048 eV. The results obtained at four different facilities show excellent agreement. SiO2 on Si standards for SE and SFM in the thickness range 6 to 1000 nm are calibrated by GIXR with monochromatised synchrotron radiation of 1841 eV and with a metrological SFM. Consistent results within the combined uncertainties are obtained with the two methods. Surfaces and interfaces of both types of standards are additionally investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). PACS 61.10.Kw; 68.55.Jk; 06.20.Fn; 06.60.Mr; 07.79.Lh 相似文献
72.
Tino Zaehle Pascale Sandmann Jeremy D Thorne Lutz Jäncke Christoph S Herrmann 《BMC neuroscience》2011,12(1):2
Background
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique that can systematically modify behaviour by inducing changes in the underlying brain function. In order to better understand the neuromodulatory effect of tDCS, the present study examined the impact of tDCS on performance in a working memory (WM) task and its underlying neural activity. In two experimental sessions, participants performed a letter two-back WM task after sham and either anodal or cathodal tDCS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). 相似文献73.
L. de Arcangelis H. J. Herrmann M. Kolb René Thomas C. Amitrano L. Peliti M. Saber G. Weisbuch Sara A. Solla F. Bagnoli A. Francescato R. Livi S. Ruffo Pablo Tamayo Michel Droz Peter Jörg Plath S. Romano Yves Pomeau Stéphane Zaleski D. Stauffer Luciano R. da Silva Alex Hansen Stéphane Roux Antonio Coniglio B. Derrida Henrik Flyvbjerg Naeem Jan Dietrich Stauffer Peter Grassberger A. Zippelius K. E. Kurten Werner Krauth Jean -Pierre Nadal Marc Mézard Per Bak Chao Tang Itzhak Webman M. L. Martins H. F. V. Resende C. Tsallis A. C. N. Magalhaes 《Journal of statistical physics》1989,55(5-6):1333-1359
74.
Bushev P Wilson A Eschner J Raab C Schmidt-Kaler F Becher C Blatt R 《Physical review letters》2004,92(22):223602
An excited-state atom whose emitted light is backreflected by a distant mirror can experience trapping forces, because the presence of the mirror modifies both the electromagnetic vacuum field and the atom's own radiation reaction field. We demonstrate this mechanical action using a single trapped barium ion. We observe the trapping conditions to be notably altered when the distant mirror is translated across an optical wavelength. The well-localized barium ion enables the spatial dependence of the forces to be measured explicitly. The experiment has implications for quantum information processing and may be regarded as the most elementary optical tweezers. 相似文献
75.
Reisdorf W Andronic A Gobbi A Hartmann ON Herrmann N Hildenbrand KD Kim YJ Kirejczyk M Koczoń P Kress T Leifels Y Schüttauf A Tymiński Z Xiao ZG Alard JP Barret V Basrak Z Bastid N Benabderrahmane ML Caplar R Crochet P Dupieux P Dzelalija M Fodor Z Grishkin Y Hong B Kecskemeti J Korolija M Kotte R Lebedev A Lopez X Merschmeyer M Mösner J Neubert W Pelte D Petrovici M Rami F de Schauenburg B Seres Z Sikora B Sim KS Simion V Siwek-Wilczyńska K Smolyankin V Stockmeier M Stoicea G Wagner P 《Physical review letters》2004,92(23):232301
We present a complete systematics (excitation functions and system-size dependences) of global stopping and side flow for heavy ion reactions in the energy range between 0.09A and 1.93A GeV. For the heaviest system, Au+Au, we observe a plateau of maximal stopping extending from about 0.2A to 0.8A GeV with a fast drop on both sides. The degree of stopping, which is shown to remain significantly below the expectations of a full stopping scenario, is found to be highly correlated to the amount of side flow. 相似文献
76.
Using a perturbative argument, we show that in any finite region containing the lowest transverse eigenmode, the spectrum of a periodically curved smooth Dirichlet tube in two or three dimensions is absolutely continuous provided the tube is sufficiently thin. In a similar way we demonstrate absolute continuity at the bottom of the spectrum for generalized Schrödinger operators with a sufficiently strongly attractive interaction supported by a periodic curve in Rd = 2, 3. 相似文献
77.
We numerically study light propagation through a specially designed nonlinear nanoscale metal-dielectric multilayer structure with a linear effective dielectric constant just below zero. The calculated dependence of the output intensity on the input intensity shows a steplike behavior. It rests upon an intensity-dependent change of the effective dielectric constant from negative (low-transmission state) to positive (high-transmission state) values, corresponding to a transition of the optical properties from metalliclike to dielectriclike. The study of the transient behavior of the structure demonstrates a switching time of around 1 ps. 相似文献
78.
Heiko Herrmann W. Muschik G. Rückner H.-H. von Borzeszkowski 《Foundations of Physics》2004,34(6):1005-1021
The 24 components of the relativistic spin tensor consist of 3 + 3 basic spin fields and 9 + 9 constitutive fields. Empirically only three basic spin fields and nine constitutive fields are known. This empirem can be expressed by two spin axioms, one of them denying purely relativistic spin fields, and the other one relating the three additional basic fields and the nine additional constitutive fields to the known (and measurable) ones. This identification by the spin axioms is material-independent and does not mix basic spin fields with constitutive properties. The approaches to the Weyssenhoff fluid and the Dirac-electron fluid found in literature are discussed with regard to these spin axioms. The conjecture is formulated, that another reduction from six to three basic spin fields which does not obey the spin axioms introduces special material properties by not allowed mixing of constitutive and basic fields. 相似文献
79.
Lidar calibration experiments 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Hans E. Jørgensen Torben Mikkelsen Jürgen Streicher Hartmut Herrmann Christian Werner Erik Lyck 《Applied physics. B, Lasers and optics》1997,64(3):355-361
A series of atmospheric aerosol diffusion experiments combined with lidar detection was conducted to evaluate and calibrate
an existing retrieval algorithm for aerosol backscatter lidar systems. The calibration experiments made use of two (almost)
identical mini-lidar systems for aerosol cloud detection to test the reproducibility and uncertainty of lidars. Lidar data
were obtained from both single-ended and double-ended lidar configurations. A backstop was introduced in one of the experiments
and a new method was developed where information obtained from the backstop can be used in the inversion algorithm. Independent
in-situ aerosol plume concentrations were obtained from a simultaneous tracer gas experiment with SF, and comparisons with the two lidars were made. The study shows that the reproducibility of the lidars is within 15%, including
measurements from both sides of a plume. The correspondence with in-situ measurements is excellent. Finally, the new backstop
method is able to reveal information which can close the lidar equation by obtaining the relation between backscatter and
extinction in an aerosol cloud.
Received: 21 December 1995 / Revised version: 25 July 1996 相似文献
80.
Highly efficient 1-microm continuous-wave laser emission in 3-mm-thick, 0.5- and 1.0-at. % Nd:GdVO4 crystals longitudinally pumped at 879 nm into the laser emitting level is reported. Under Ti:sapphire pumping, the slope efficiency in absorbed power is approximately 80% for both crystals, while the slope efficiency, the optical-to-optical efficiency (at 1700-mW pump power), and the laser threshold in incident power are 79%, 78%, and 31 mW for 0.5-at. % Nd and 80%, 77%, and 40 mW for 1.0-at. % Nd, respectively. The slope efficiency is close to the quantum defect limit, the difference being fully accounted for by the residual optical losses. Under 879-nm diode laser pumping, the slope efficiency and the optical-to-optical efficiency in absorbed power of the 0.5-at. % Nd:GdVO4 crystal are 60% and 53%, owing to poorer superposition of the pumped and the laser mode volumes. 相似文献