FLASH—A superluminal communicator based upon a new kind of quantum measurement

The FLASH communicator consists of an apparatus which can distinguish between plane unpolarized (PUP) and circularly unpolarized (CUP) light plus a simple EPR arrangement. FLASH exploits the peculiar properties of measurements of the Third Kind. One purpose of this article is to focus attention on the operation of idealized laser gain tubes at the one-photon limit.FLASH: acronym for First Laser-Amplified Superluminal Hookup.     

Metallorganische Verbindungen der Lanthanoide. LIII [1].(C5H5Gd)5(μ2-OCH3)4(μ3-OCH3)4(μ5-O) und [Na2(tC4H9OGd)4(μ3-OtC4H9)8(μ6-O)], zwei neue Alkoxigadoliniumcluster mit interstitiellem Sauerstoff

Organometallic Compounds of the Lanthanides. LIII. (C₅H₅Gd)₅(μ₂-OCH₃)₄(μ₃-OCH₃)₄ (μ₅-O) and [Na₂(^tC₄H₉OGd)₄(μ₃-O^tC₄H₉)₈(μ₆-O)], two New Alkoxi Gadolinium Clusters with Interstitial Oxygen Gadolinium trichloride reacts in tetrahydrofurane with cyclopentadienyl sodium and two equivalents of sodium methoxide with formation of (C₅H₅Gd)₅(μ₂-OCH₃)₄(μ₃-OCH₃)₄(μ₅-O) ( 1 ), and with potassium tert-butoxide with formation of [Na₂(^tC₄H₉OGd)₄(μ₃-O^tC₄H₉)₈(μ₆-O)] ( 2 ). The X-ray structure of 1 shows a tetragonal pyramide build up by five gadolinium atoms, containing an oxygen atom in the center of the base and eight bridging methoxo groups. The structure of 2 consists of an oxygen centered octahedron build up by two sodium and four gadolinium atoms, connected by eight bridging tert-butoxy groups and four terminal butoxides. The monoclinic crystals of 1 , space group I2/a have the following crystallographic data: a = 2 276.9(5) pm, b = 2 063.1(6) pm, c = 3 152.2(3) pm, β = 90.7(1)°, Z = 12, D_calcd 1.85 g · cm^?3, R = 0.0519. 2 crystallizes tetragonal, space group I4/mmm with a = 1 728.5(4) pm, b = 1 031.0(3) pm, Z = 2, D_calcd 1.69 g · cm^?3, R = 0.0682.     

“Stat” methods in continuous flow analysis : Determination of Copper,Iron, Iodide and Hydrochloric Acid

A continuous flow “stat” method is described in which a certain arbitrarily imposed state in the flowing stream is automatically maintained by regulating the rate of flow of one of the components. The electronic system is regulated by measuring a physical phenomenon in the flowing solution. The method is illustrated by the examples of a continuous flow absorptiostat [Fe(III)/S₂O₃^2-/Cu(II)]for determinations of copper(II) (1–10 μg ml^-1), iron(III) (25–250 or 12.5–125 μg ml^-1), as well as for determination of iodide (12.8–128 μg ml^-1). A continuous flow conductostat [HCl/NaOH] for determination of 1–2.5 × 10^-4 M HCl is also described. This analytical technique is intended for automatic continuous monitoring of sample streams.     

A general formalism of deriving the pair potential of polymer chains for arbitrary interaction potentials between isolated chain segments at and close to the theta-point

A formalism has been worked out which allows to transform any non-punctiform segment-segment potential of isolated polymer segments ε of fairly short-ranged character into the pair-potentialU operating between linear polymer chains with a certain reference to the arguments as they have been originally put forward byFlory andKrigbaum. Although no restrictions are made in the derivation as to the repulsive or attractive contribution of the segment-segment potential ε because of some known general deficiencies of theFlory-Krigbaum treatment for exclusively repulsive interaction, the resulting equations are primarily intended to describe the thermodynamic situation at and close to the θ-point where repulsion and attraction—though working at different ranges of segment separation—cancel. As the equation derived is somewhat complicated two different approximate forms have been developed: The first one is based on aTaylor series expansion retaining terms up to the fourth order which allows to characterizeU by the second and the fourth moment of the pair segment-segment distribution function, β and γ (β being the so-called binary cluster integral of segment-segment interaction, which is considered to be zero for θ-conditions). In this caseU may be represented by an expression of the general form $$U/kT = A(1 - BR^2 )\exp \{ - bR^2 \} .$$ The second method is based on a separate integration over the repulsive and attractive ranges of ε giving the repulsive (U ₊) and the attractive (U _?) part ofU finally after some approximations leading to an equation of the general form $$U/kT = (U_ + + U_ - )/kT = A_1 \exp \{ - b_1 R^2 \} - A_2 \exp \{ - b_2 R^2 \} .$$ In both cases the knowledge of the exact form of ε is dispensable, only β and γ—or for the second case their repulsive (β₊ and γ₊) and attractive (β_? and γ_?) parts have to be known. It is shown that the approximations are in excellent accordance with the exact form so that they may be conveniently used to describe pair potentials of polymer chains and to analyze pair potentials of segment-segment interactions under the limitations and conditions indicated.     

Characterization of colloidal hematite particle shape and dispersion behavior

An elliptically polarized light scattering (EPLS) technique for the size and shape characterization of ellipsoidal hematite particles is presented. The hematite particles are synthesized by aging aqueous FeCl(3) or Fe(NO(3))(3) solutions at 100 degrees C. Different reaction conditions create particles of aspect ratios between 1 (spherical) and 8 (elongated). Cross-sectional diameter and aspect ratio are observed as a function of reaction (aging) time. Growth of the elongated particles, as well as their fractal aggregation behavior, is characterized using EPLS and comparisons are made with photon correlation spectroscopy and TEM measurements.     

Synthese und Charakterisierung neuer intramolekular stickstoffstabilisierter Organoaluminium‐ und Organogalliumalkoxide

Synthesis and Characterization of New Intramolecularly Nitrogen‐stabilized Organoaluminium‐ and Organogallium Alkoxides The intramolecularly nitrogen stabilized organoaluminium alkoxides [Me₂Al{μ‐O(CH₂)₃NMe₂}]₂ ( 1a ), Me₂AlOC₆H₂(CH₂NMe₂)₃‐2,4,6 ( 2a ), [(S)‐Me₂Al{μ‐OCH₂CH(i‐Pr)NH‐i‐Pr}]₂ ( 3a ) and [(S)‐Me₂Al{μ‐OCH₂CH(i‐Pr)NHCH₂Ph}]₂ ( 4 ) are formed by reacting equimolar amounts of AlMe₃ and Me₂N(CH₂)₃OH, C₆H₂[(CH₂NMe₂)₃‐2,4,6]OH, (S)‐i‐PrNHCH(i‐Pr)CH₂OH, or (S)‐PhCH₂NHCH(i‐Pr)CH₂OH, respectively. An excess of AlMe₃ reacts with Me₂N(CH₂)₂OH, Me₂N(CH₂)₃OH, C₆H₂[(CH₂NMe₂)₃‐2,4,6]OH, and (S)‐i‐PrNHCH(i‐Pr)CH₂OH producing the “pick‐a‐back” complexes [Me₂AlO(CH₂)₂NMe₂](AlMe₃) ( 5 ), [Me₂AlO(CH₂)₃NMe₂](AlMe₃) ( 1b ), [Me₂AlOC₆H₂(CH₂NMe₂)₃‐2,4,6](AlMe₃)₂ ( 2b ), and [(S)‐Me₂AlOCH₂CH(i‐Pr)NH‐i‐Pr](AlMe₃) ( 3b ), respectively. The mixed alkyl‐ or alkenylchloroaluminium alkoxides [Me(Cl)Al{μ‐O(CH₂)₂NMe₂}]₂ ( 6 ) and [{CH₂=C(CH₃)}(Cl)Al{μ‐O(CH₂)₂NMe₂}]₂ ( 8 ) are to obtain from Me₂AlCl and Me₂N(CH₂)₂OH and from [Cl₂Al{μ‐O(CH₂)₂NMe₂}]₂ ( 7 ) and CH₂=C(CH₃)MgBr, respectively. The analogous dimethylgallium alkoxides [Me₂Ga{μ‐O(CH₂)₃NMe₂}]₂ ( 9 ), [(S)‐Me₂Ga{μ‐OCH₂CH(i‐Pr)NH‐i‐Pr}]_n ( 10 ), [(S)‐Me₂Ga{μ‐OCH₂CH(i‐Pr)NHCH₂Ph}]_n ( 11 ), [(S)‐Me₂Ga{μ‐OCH₂CH(i‐Pr)N(Me)CH₂Ph}]_n ( 12 ) and [(S)‐Me₂Ga{μ‐OCH₂(C₄H₇NHCH₂Ph)}]_n ( 13 ) result from the equimolar reactions of GaMe₃ with the corresponding alcohols. The new compounds were characterized by elemental analyses, ¹H‐, ¹³C‐ and ²⁷Al‐NMR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. Additionally, the structures of 1a , 1b , 2a , 2b , 3a , 5 , 6 and 8 were determined by single crystal X‐ray diffraction.     

Synthesis of 3-nitro- and 3-aminoquinoline-2,4-diones. An unexpected route to 3-hydroxyquinoline-2,4-diones

Nitration of 3-substituted-4-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolones 1 with nitric acid leads either to 3-nitro- 2 or 3-hydroxyquinolinediones 3 , depending on the reaction conditions. 3-Substituted-3-hydroxyquinolinediones 3 are also obtained by oxidative hydroxylation with peracetic acid. Amination of 3-substituted-3-chloroquinolinediones 4 with ammonium hydroxide predominantly leads again to 3-substituted-3-hydroxyquinolinediones 3 , only in one case the 3-aminoquinolinedione 5 could be isolated. With morpholine or pyridine as amines the expected 3-aminoquinolinediones 6 and 7 were obtained.     

Analytical determination of non-born—oppenheimer matrix elements between different molecular electronic states

Matrix elements for the nonadiabatic correction between different adiabatic Born—Oppenheimer (ABO) states are discussed in terms of a generating function (nonadiabatic coupling function, NAF) which was introduced earlier. Recursion relations are derived for the case where different vibronic states are coupled via a single non-totally symmetric mode. The formalism is applied to the estimation of non-Born—Oppenheimer coupling between vibronic states of pyrazine.     

Cyclopentadienyleisen-komplexe mit P(OR)3-liganden; Synthese und spektroskopische charakterisierung

Reactions of reactive cyclopentadienyliron complexes C₅H₅Fe(CO)₂I, [C₅H₅Fe(CO)₂THF]BF₄, [C₅H₅Fe(CO)((CH₃)₂S)₂]BF₄ and [C₅H₅Fe(p-(CH₃)₂C₆H₄)]PF₆ with P(OR)₃ as ligands (R = CH₃, C₂H₅, i-C₃H₇ and C₆H₅) lead to the formation of the complex compounds C₅H₅Fe(CO)_2?n(P(OR)₃)_nI and [C₅H₅Fe(CO)_3?n(P(OR)₃)_n]X (n = 1, 2 and n = 1–3, X = BF₄, PF₆). Spectroscopic investigations (IR, ¹H, ¹³C and ³¹P NMR) indicate an increase of electron density on the central metal with increasing substitution of CO groups by P(OR)₃ ligands. The stability of the compounds increase in the same way.     

Eine gemeinsame Basis für die Theorie der Eulerschen Graphen und den Satz von Petersen

The main result states: Lete ₁,e ₂,e ₃ be three lines incident to the pointv (degv4) of the connected bridgeless graphG such thate ₁ ande ₃ belong to different blocks ifv is a cutpoint. Split the pointv in two ways: Lete ₁,e _j ,j=2, 3, be incident to a new pointv _1j and leave the remainder ofG unchanged, thus obtainingG _1j . Then at least one of the two graphsG ₁₂,G ₁₃ is connected and bridgeless. — A classical result ofFrink follows from this theorem which is the key to a simple proof of Petersen's theorem. Moreover, the above result can be used to prove practically all classical results on Eulerian graphs, including best upper and lower bounds for the number of Eulerian trails in a connected Eulerian graph. In the theory of Eulerian graphs, it can be viewed as the basis for good algorithms checking on several properties of this class of graphs.

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Herrn Prof. Dr. H. Hornich zum 70. Geburtstag gewidmet