Study of neutron response for two hybrid RPC setups using the GEANT4 MC simulation approach

The present article describes a detailed neutron simulation study in the energy range 10^-10 MeV to 1.0 GeV for two different RPC configurations. The simulation studies were taken by using the GEANT4 MC code. Aluminum was utilized on the GND and readout strips for the （a） Bakelite-based and （b） glass-based RPCs. For the former type of RPC setup the neutron sensitivity for the isotropic source was Sn = 2.702 × 10^-2 at En = 1.0 GeV, while for the latter type of RPC, the neutron sensitivity for the same source was evaluated as Sn = 4.049 × 10^-2 at En = 1.0 GeV. These results were further compared with the previous RPC configuration in which copper was used for ground and pickup pads. Additionally A1 was employed at （GND＋strips） of the phosphate glass RPC setup and compared with the copper-based phosphate glass RPC. Good agreement with sensitivity values was obtained with the current and previous simulation results.     

Phase space analysis of interacting dark energy in f(T) cosmology

In this paper, we examine the interacting dark energy model in f(T) cosmology. We assume dark energy as a perfect fluid and choose a specific cosmologically viable form f(T) = ????T. We show that there is one attractor solution to the dynamical equation of f(T) Friedmann equations. Further we investigate the stability in phase space for a general f(T) model with two interacting fluids. By studying the local stability near the critical points, we show that the critical points lie on the sheet u* = (c ? 1)v* in the phase space, spanned by coordinates (u, v, ??, T). From this critical sheet, we conclude that the coupling between the dark energy and matter c ?? (?2, 0).     

Spherical Symmetric Perfect Fluid Collapse in <Emphasis Type="Italic">f</Emphasis>(<Emphasis Type="Italic">R</Emphasis>, <Emphasis Type="Italic">T</Emphasis>) Gravity

This paper contains the study of spherically symmetric perfect fluid collapse in the frame work of f(R, T) modified theory of gravity. We proceed our work by considering the non-static spherically symmetric background in the interior and static spherically symmetric background in the exterior regions of the star. The junction conditions between exterior and interior regions are presented by matching the exterior and interior regions. The field equations are solved by taking the assumptions that the Ricci scalar as well as the trace of energy-momentum tensor are to be constant, for a particular f(R, T) model. By inserting the solution of the field equations in junction conditions, we evaluate the gravitational mass of the collapsing system. Also, we discuss the apparent horizons and their time formation for different possible cases. It is concluded that the term f(R ₀, T ₀) behaves as a source of repulsive force and that’s why it slowdowns the collapse of the matter.     

A Single Model of Interacting Dark Energy: Generalized Phantom Energy or Generalized Chaplygin Gas

I present a model in which dark energy interacts with matter. The former is represented by a variable equation of state. It is shown that the phantom crossing takes place at zero redshift, moreover, stable scaling solution of the Friedmann equations is obtained. I show that dark energy is most probably be either generalized phantom energy or the generalized Chaplygin gas, while phantom energy is ruled out as a dark energy candidate.     

Simulation on the response of new phosphate glass RPC for <Emphasis Type="Italic">γ</Emphasis>-rays and e<Superscript>+</Superscript>/e<Superscript>−</Superscript> particles using GEANT3

The influence of phosphate glass electrode in the configuration of resistive plate chamber has been studied using GEANT3.21 Monte Carlo code. Bakelite electrodes were replaced by phosphate glass electrodes, as these glass materials have low bulk resistivity, are portable and easy to handle. These types of RPCs in their compact form of all materials are suitable for high rate background environment. We find that these new types of RPCs give little higher response to γ-rays and e⁺/e⁻ particles, both for single-and double gap RPCs. The results of simulation are discussed.      

Thermal analysis of phase change emulsion

This paper presents some results obtained by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) for characterizing the phase transition within an emulsion. The dispersed substances are either hexadecane, octadecane, water or binary solution. A non-equilibrium model taking into account the inter-phase heat transfer between the emulsifying medium and the dispersed droplet is proposed and explains the main experimental features.     

Insight into Biomass Upgrade: A Review on Hydrogenation of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to 2,5-Dimethylfuran (DMF)

Recent developments in the transformation of biobased 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) into a potential liquid fuel, 2,5-dimethylfuran (DMF), are summarised. This review focuses briefly on the history of HMF conversion to DMF in terms of the feedstock used and emphasises the ideal requirements in terms of the catalytic properties needed in HMF transformation into DMF. The recent state of the art and works on HMF transformation into DMF are discussed in comparison to noble metals and non-noble metals as well as bimetallic catalysts. The effect of the support used and the reaction conditions are also discussed. The recommendations for future work and challenges faced are specified.     

Nanodiamonds: A Cutting-Edge Approach to Enhancing Biomedical Therapies and Diagnostics in Biosensing

Nanodiamonds (NDs) have garnered attention in the field of nanomedicine due to their unique properties. This review offers a comprehensive overview of NDs synthesis methods, properties, and their uses in biomedical applications. Various synthesis techniques, such as detonation, high-pressure, high-temperature, and chemical vapor deposition, offer distinct advantages in tailoring NDs′ size, shape, and surface properties. Surface modification methods further enhance NDs′ biocompatibility and enable the attachment of bioactive molecules, expanding their applicability in biological systems. NDs serve as promising nanocarriers for drug delivery, showcasing biocompatibility and the ability to encapsulate therapeutic agents for targeted delivery. Additionally, NDs demonstrate potential in cancer treatment through hyperthermic therapy and vaccine enhancement for improved immune responses. Functionalization of NDs facilitates their utilization in biosensors for sensitive biomolecule detection, aiding in precise diagnostics and rapid detection of infectious diseases. This review underscores the multifaceted role of NDs in advancing biomedical applications. By synthesizing NDs through various methods and modifying their surfaces, researchers can tailor their properties for specific biomedical needs. The ability of NDs to serve as efficient drug delivery vehicles holds promise for targeted therapy, while their applications in hyperthermic therapy and vaccine enhancement offer innovative approaches to cancer treatment and immunization. Furthermore, the integration of NDs into biosensors enhances diagnostic capabilities, enabling rapid and sensitive detection of biomolecules and infectious diseases. Overall, the diverse functionalities of NDs underscore their potential as valuable tools in nanomedicine, paving the way for advancements in healthcare and biotechnology.     

Synthesis and properties of non-symmetric liquid crystal dimers containing a cholesteryl moiety

A series of non-symmetric liquid crystal dimers having cholesteryl and 4-trans-(4-n-alkylcyclohexyl)phenoxy groups were synthesized by condensation of cholesteryl ω-bromoalkanoates with appropriate 4-trans-(4-n-alkylcyclohexyl)phenols. The structures and thermal phase behaviour of the dimers were characterized using IR, ¹H NMR and mass spectroscopy, elemental analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, polarizing optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction measurements. Their thermal phase behaviour is significantly different to that of other cholesterol-based liquid crystal dimers. All of these liquid crystal dimers exhibit low phase transition temperatures. The relationships between their properties and chemical structures of these new dimers are discussed.