Jets in hadron–hadron collisions

In this article, we review some of the complexities of jet algorithms and of the resultant comparisons of data to theory. We review the extensive experience with jet measurements at the Tevatron, the extrapolation of this acquired wisdom to the LHC and the differences between the Tevatron and LHC environments. We also describe a framework (SpartyJet) for the convenient comparison of results using different jet algorithms.     

n-type and p-type double-walled carbon nanotube field-effect transistors based on charge-transfer modulation

Electrical transport properties of double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWNTs) are modulated by encapsulating alkali-metal Cs atom or C₆₀ molecules via a plasma ion-irradiation method. The pristine DWNTs are found to exhibit ambipolar semiconducting behavior due to their small bandgap. In contrast, Cs and C₆₀ encapsulated DWNTs exhibit high performance unipolar n-type and p-type semiconducting behavior since they can operate as an electron donor and acceptor, respectively. Moreover, by controlling the filling level, p–n junction is found to be formed in DWNTs by Cs encapsulation. Our results indicate that DWNTs have great potential as building blocks for various electronic nano devices. PACS 73.63.Fg; 73.63.-b; 61.48.+c     

A unified study on the output probability distribution of arbitrary linear vibratory systems with arbitrary random excitation

New theoretical expressions of probability density and cumulative distribution functions for the output response are exactly derived without any simplification of the problem and any approximation of analysis in the case when a general random signal with arbitrary probability distribution and correlation functions is passed through an arbitrary linear vibratory system with finite order. The result is given as an explicit solution of expansion series in a functional form of input statistics and vibratory system parameters, and not given as a mere numerical solution by use of a recurrence algorithm. An effect of random input and system characteristics is concretely reflected in the expansion coefficients. The experimental results obtained by digital simulation are in good agreement with the theory. Thus, the above theory is experimentally confirmed for some typical examples by the method of digital simulation.     

Mechanische Relaxation in Polystyrol/Polyäthylenoxid-Block-copolymeren

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Mechanische Relaxation in Polystyrol/Poly?thylenoxid-Block-copolymeren

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Thermal and viscoelastic properties of xanthan gum/chitosan complexes in aqueous solutions

The viscoelasticity and thermal properties of aqueous solutions of blended xanthan gum (XA) with chitosan were investigated in order to study the electrostatic interaction established between two polysaccharides. Storage modulus G’, loss modulus G” and zero shear rate viscosity η_O attain a maximum at a chitosan concentration C _max. The above results indicate that the junction between XA and chitosan is formed in a concentration range lower than C _max and the viscoelasticity of systems increases with increasing concentration. In a concentration range higher than C _max, junction formation may not occur effectively since the excess amount of chitosan completely screens anions of XA. The chain rigidity of XA decreases by the screening of the repulsive interaction between anions on XA chains. The ineffective junction formation and the decrease of XA chain rigidity may cause the decrease of viscoelasticity of systems with increasing concentration. The value of C _max decreases with increasing molecular mass of chitosan. From melting enthalpy of the above system measured by DSC, the amount of non-freezing water (W _nf) was evaluated. W _nf shows a minimum at the concentration C _max. This fact suggests that hydrophobic fields increased by junction structure formation through ion-complexation between XA and chitosan molecules.     

Microgram-scale testing of reaction conditions in solution using nanoliter plugs in microfluidics with detection by MALDI-MS

This paper describes a microfluidic system to screen and optimize organic reaction conditions on a submicrogram scale. The system uses discrete droplets (plugs) as microreactors separated and transported by a continuous phase of a fluorinated carrier fluid. Previously, we demonstrated the use of a microfabricated PDMS plug-based microfluidic system to perform assays and crystallization experiments in aqueous solutions with optical detection. Here, we developed an approach that does not require microfabrication of microfluidic devices, is applicable to synthetic reactions in organic solvents, and uses detection by MALDI-MS. As a demonstration, conditions for selective deacetylation of ouabain hexaacetate were tested, and the optimum conditions for mono-, bis-, or trisdeacetylation have been identified. These conditions were validated by scale-up reactions and isolating these potentially neurotoxic products. Mono- and bisdeacetylated products are unstable intermediates in the deacetylation and were isolated for the first time. This system enables no-loss handling of submicroliter volumes containing a few micrograms of a compound of interest. It could become valuable for investigating or optimizing reactions of precious substrates (e.g., products of long synthetic sequences and natural products that can be isolated only in small quantities).     

A highly stereocontrolled total synthesis of (-)-neodysiherbaine A

Neodysiherbaine A, a neuroexitotoxin occurring in a Micronesian marine sponge Dysidea herbacea, was synthesized from tri-O-acetyl-D-glucal with excellent stereocontrol. The method established enables us to obtain gram quantities of neodysiherbaine A and its related compounds.     

Photochemical production of ozone in marine boundary layer in the sea of Japan: Results of the Rishiri Fall Experiment campaign

The Rishiri Fall Experiment (RISFEX ) campaign was performed in September 2003 at Rishiri island (45.07 N, 141.12 E, and 35 m asl) in the sea of Japan to investigate photochemical production of ozone in the marine boundary layer. Total peroxy radicals RO _x (HO₂ + RO₂) and NO _x (NO + NO₂) were measured together with other chemical species and physical parameters relevant to ozone production. The ozone production rate (P(O₃)) was estimated from measured peroxy radicals and was found to be highly variable between days, with 30-min averaged midday values varying from 0.2 to 1.7 ppbv/h (ppbv refers to part per billion by volume). The daytime mean P(O₃) for the air masses from relatively clean NE sector is close to zero, but significantly higher for air masses from more polluted W and SE sector, suggesting the impact of transport of pollutants on the remote local ozone production. The experimentally determined P(O₃) is compared with those derived from a time-dependent box model based on Regional Atmospheric Chemistry Modeling (RACM), and both the methods give the results generally in agreement. The model calculation shows that HO₂ + NO reaction contributes most to ozone production, ca. 60% at midday, followed by the reactions of CH₃O₂ and ISOP (peroxy radicals formed from isoprene) with NO which account for ca. 13% and 10% to ozone production, respectively, at noon. Sensitivity analysis indicates that the ozone production during the measurement period is within NO _x -limited regime.