Convergence analysis of perturbed hemivariational inequalities

We consider the rate of convergence for a class of perturbed hemivariational inequalities in reflexive Banach Spaces. Our results can be viewed as an extension and refinement of some previous known results in this area.     

Micowave assisted synthesis of benzo‐substituted macrocyclic diamides and their corresponding macrocyclic dithiodiamides

A synthesis of a series of macrocyclic diamides 3 in good yields by reacting the corresponding bis phenols 4 with the appropriate dihalo alkanes 6 either in solvent or in dry media under microwave irradiation. Thiation of 3 with P₂S₅ or Lawesson's reagent in solvent free conditions under microwave irradiation is also described.     

Existence and boundary behavior for singular nonlinear differential equations with arbitrary boundary conditions

Existence theory is developed for the equation ?(u)=F(u), where ? is a formally self-adjoint singular second-order differential expression and F is nonlinear. The problem is treated in a Hilbert space and we do not require the operators induced by ? to have completely continuous resolvents. Nonlinear boundary conditions are allowed. Also, F is assumed to be weakly continuous and monotone at one point. Boundary behavior of functions associated with the domains of definitions of the operators associated with ? in the singular case is investigated. A special class of self-adjoint operators associated with ? is obtained.     

A solution procedure for the discrete time, cost and quality tradeoff problem using electromagnetic scatter search

Decisions concerning a project’s expedition, traditionally involved considerations regarding time and cost tradeoff. It was recently suggested that the quality of a project should also be taken into considerations. In this paper, we propose a meta-heuristic solution procedure for the discrete time, cost and quality tradeoff problem. This problem involves the scheduling of project activities in order to minimize the total cost of the project while maximizing the quality of the project and also meeting a given deadline. We apply a so called electromagnetic scatter search to solve this problem. In this process, we initially generate a population of feasible solutions. In so doing, we use frequency memory to well sample the feasible region. A number of these solutions are then selected and improved locally. The improved solutions are then combined to generate new set of solutions. The combination process utilizes attraction–repulsion mechanisms borrowed from the electromagnetism theory. The whole process is stopped when no significant improvement in the set of solutions are observed. The validity of the proposed solution procedure is demonstrated, and its applicability is tested on a randomly generated large and complex problem having 19,900 activities.     

Application of minimal interpolation splines to solve the Cauchy problem

Methods for solving the Cauchy problem are suggested. The use nonpolynomial splines, which ensure the required accuracy for a rather wide class of functions. Computational results are presented.     

Embedded diagonally implicit Runge–Kutta–Nystrom 4(3) pair for solving special second-order IVPs

In this paper, third-order 3-stage diagonally implicit Runge–Kutta–Nystrom method embedded in fourth-order 4-stage for solving special second-order initial value problems is constructed. The method has the property of minimized local truncation error as well as the last row of the coefficient matrix is equal to the vector output. The stability of the method is investigated and a standard set of test problems are tested upon and comparisons on the numerical results are made when the same set of test problems are reduced to first-order system and solved using existing Runge–Kutta method. The results clearly shown the advantage and the efficiency of the new method.     

Effect of Deborah number and phase difference on peristaltic transport of a third-order fluid in an asymmetric channel

The effect of a third-order fluid on the peristaltic transport in an asymmetric channel is studied. The wavelength of the peristaltic waves is assumed to be large compared to the varying channel width, whereas the wave amplitudes need not be small compared to the varying channel width. The channel asymmetry is produced by choosing the peristaltic wave train on the walls to have different amplitudes and phase. The flow is investigated in a wave frame of reference moving with velocity of the wave. The effects of Deborah number, phase difference, varying channel width and wave amplitudes on the pumping characteristics, streamline pattern and trapping phenomena are investigated. It is observed that the trapping regions increase as the channel becomes more and more symmetric and the trapped bolus volume decreases for increasing Deborah number, phase difference and varying channel width whereas it increases for increasing flow rate and wave amplitudes. Furthermore, the obtained results could also have applications to a range of peristaltic flows for a variety of non-Newtonian fluids such as aqueous solutions of high-molecular weight polyethylene oxide and polyacrylamide.     

Radiation pasteurised oil palm empty fruit bunch fermented with Pleurotus sajor-caju as feed supplement to ruminants

In solid state fermentation, Pleurotus sajor-caju has been found to be able to degrade at least 30% oil palm empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) fibre leaving 70 % useful materials. Conditions under which fermentation carried out were investigated. It was found that, in the temperature range between 25– 28 °C, relative ph between 6–8, moisture between 60–70 % and medium composition of CaCO₃: rice bran 2 %: 5 % were the optimum conditions. The results showed in fermented products that, there were substantial reduction in cellulosic component such as Crude Fiber (CF, 18 %); Acid Detergent Fibre (ADF, 45 %), Neutral Detergent Fibre (NDF, 61 %) and Acid Detergent Lignin (ADL, 14 %). However, Crude Protein (CP, 10%) increased resulted from single cell protein enrichment of mycelial microbial mass. The mass reductions of substrate in fermentation process corresponds to the CO₂ released during fermentation. Hence, attributable to the decreased in content of CF, ADF, NDF, and ADL. The digestibility study has also been carried out to determine the useful level of this product to ruminant. Aflatoxin content was detected low in both the initial substrates and products. Based on nutritional value and low content of aflatoxin, the product is useful as a source of roughage to ruminant.     

Dioxouranium(VI) mixed ligand complexes containingo-substituted benzoic acid and α-amino acids

Summary Mixed ligand complexes of general formula [UO₂L¹L²-(H₂O)_n], where L¹ iso-hydroxy-,o-mercapto- oro-aminobenzoic acid and L² is glycine, L-alanine, or L-valine, have been prepared and characterized. The uranium atom in these complexes is 6- or 8-coordinate. Both acid ligands are bidentate, bonding through the ionized –COO^–– group and either O, N or S atoms.     

The deoxygenation kinetics of new oxovanadium(IV) complexes

Summary The deoxygenation reaction kinetics of some monomeric, dimeric and polymeric oxovanadium(IV) complexes with SOCl₂ have been studied by the stopped-flow technique in DMF. The reaction is bimolecular and obeys second-order kinetics; first-order in both SOCl₂ and complex. The polymeric halogeno product decays with time, but at a rate much slower compared to the rate of its formation. The correlation observed between the structure of these complexes and their reactivities is discussed.