Synthetization and Functionalization of Natural,Polymer, and Quantum-Based Carbon Nanodots and Their Application in Biomedicine

Carbon nanodots (CNDs) are a developing branch of nanomaterials and nanoscience. This has generated much more interest in the field and class of biomedicine science by way of unique particular properties, such as high stability, great photoluminescence, easy green synthesis, and simple surface modification. Numerous applications, such as bioimaging, biosensing, and treatment, have made use of CNDs. This review describes the most recent developments in CND research and talks about major changes in the understanding of CNDs and their prospects as biomedical tools. The importance of this work lies in the ability of CNDs to overcome many of the limitations associated with traditional materials used in biomedicine, such as toxicity, poor biocompatibility, and limited functionality. Furthermore, the use of CNDs as drug carriers, imaging agents, and sensors has shown great potential in improving the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases. The novelty of this work lies in the diversity of approaches used in the synthesis and functionalization of CNDs, and the unique properties of CNDs that make them versatile tools for biomedicine. In particular, the ability to tune the size, shape, and surface chemistry of CNDs allows for the creation of tailored materials with specific biomedical applications. The review also discusses the challenges and future prospects of CNDs in biomedicine, including the need for standardization and optimization of CND synthesis, functionalization, and characterization protocols.     

Banana split: biomass splitting with flash light irradiation

Biomass splitting into gases and solids using flash light irradiation is introduced as an efficient photo-thermal process to photo-pyrolyze dried natural biomass powders to valuable syngas and conductive porous carbon (biochar). The photo-thermal reactions are carried out in a few milliseconds (14.5 ms) by using a high-power Xenon flash lamp. Here, dried banana peel is used as a model system and each kg of dried biomass generates ca. 100 L of hydrogen and 330 g of biochar. Carbon monoxide and some light hydrocarbons are also generated providing a further increase in the high heating value (HHV) with an energy balance output of 4.09 MJ per kg of dried biomass. Therefore, biomass photo-pyrolysis by flash light irradiation is proposed as a new approach not only to convert natural biomass wastes into energy, such as hydrogen, but also for carbon mitigation, which can be stored or used as biochar.

Biomass splitting into gases and solids using flash light irradiation is introduced as an efficient photo-thermal process to photo-pyrolyze dried natural biomass powders to valuable syngas and conductive porous carbon (biochar).     

Highly Efficient Candlelight Organic Light-Emitting Diode with a Very Low Color Temperature

Low color temperature candlelight organic light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are human and environmentally friendly because of the absence of blue emission that might suppress at night the secretion of melatonin and damage retina upon long exposure. Herein, we demonstrated a lighting device incorporating a phenoxazine-based host material, 3,3-bis(phenoxazin-10-ylmethyl)oxetane (BPMO), with the use of orange-red and yellow phosphorescent dyes to mimic candlelight. The resultant BPMO-based simple structured candlelight organic LED device permitted a maximum exposure limit of 57,700 s, much longer than did a candle (2750 s) or an incandescent bulb (1100 s) at 100 lx. The resulting device showed a color temperature of 1690 K, which is significantly much lower than that of oil lamps (1800 K), candles (1900 K), or incandescent bulbs (2500 K). The device showed a melatonin suppression sensitivity of 1.33%, upon exposure for 1.5 h at night, which is 66% and 88% less than the candle and incandescent bulb, respectively. Its maximum power efficacy is 23.1 lm/W, current efficacy 22.4 cd/A, and external quantum efficiency 10.2%, all much higher than the CBP-based devices. These results encourage a scalable synthesis of novel host materials to design and manufacture high-efficiency candlelight organic LEDs.     

Synthesis,characterization and anticorrosive effect of 2-(phenoxy methyl)-5-phenyl-1, 3, 4-oxadiazole for mild steel in 1 M HCl: A combined experimental and computational demonstrations

Synthesis of 2-(phenoxymethyl)-5-phenyl-1, 3, 4-oxadiazole (2POM5PO) and corrosive inhibitive properties studied via weight loss (W.L.) measurement, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, potentiodynamic polarisation measurements. Scanning Electron Microscope attached with Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopic methods were performed to notice morphological changes. These data were observed at a diversified dosage and temperatures the compound for 12 h s immersion of M.S. sheets in 1 M HCl electrolyte through W.L. measurements, furthermore inferred that the inhibition efficiency expanded with slow augmentations in the dosage of each moiety. The maximum inhibitory efficiency was determined which is 88.41% at 300 ppm and 298 K. E.I.S. studies demonstrated that charge transfer resistance increased on concentration increment, confirming each molecule's prohibitive attitude. Potentiodynamic polarisation plots revealed that the compounds displayed mixed type behavior. The Langmuir adsorption model was suited best, proving moiety act as a good corrosion controlling compound in 1 M Hydrochloric acid media. Computational study shows a good correlation with experimental results.     

Pharmacophore mapping of selective binding affinity of estrogen modulators through classical and space modeling approaches: exploration of bridged-cyclic compounds with diarylethylene linkage

Research on Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs) has been driven by interest in discovering target selective molecules. In view of such significance, the present work explored the pharmacophores of estrogen receptor (ER) subtypes specific binding affinities of diverse compounds belonging to the category of bridged bicyclic-1,1-diarylethylene derivatives. Implementing classical QSAR and CATALYST based space-modeling approaches, it has been explored that attachment of aryl ring systems to unsaturated linkages, availability of phenolic hydroxyl group, global hydrophobicity, and stereochemistry of certain functional groups might be important for governing the subtype specific estrogenic behavior of this group of compounds. Supplementing this deduction, critical interfeature distances between hydrogen bond acceptor, hydrophobic, and ring aromatic features along with steric influence are found to primarily influence the ER-subtypes specific binding of this series of compounds.     

Translation by Ribosomes with mRNA Degradation: Exclusion Processes on Aging Tracks

We investigate the role of degradation of mRNA on protein synthesis using the totally asymmetric simple exclusion process (TASEP) as the underlying model for ribosome dynamics. mRNA degradation has a strong effect on the lifetime distribution of the mRNA, which in turn affects polysome statistics such as the number of ribosomes present on an mRNA strand of a given size. An average over mRNA of all ages is equivalent to an average over possible configurations of the corresponding TASEP—both before steady state and in steady state. To evaluate the relevant quantities for the translation problem, we first study the approach towards steady state of the TASEP, starting with an empty lattice representing an unloaded mRNA. When approaching the high density phase, the system shows two distinct phases with the entry and exit boundaries taking control of the density at their respective ends in the second phase. The approach towards the maximal current phase exhibits the surprising property that the ribosome entry flux can exceed the maximum possible steady state value. In all phases, the averaging over the mRNA age distribution shows a decrease in the average ribosome density profile as a function of distance from the entry boundary. For entry/exit parameters corresponding to the high density phase of TASEP, the average ribosome density profile also has a maximum near the exit end.     

Multivariate Generalization of the Hypergeometric Function Type I Distribution

The hypergeometric function type I distribution with the pdf proportional to x ^ν−1(1−x) ^γ−1 ₂ F ₁(α,β;γ;1−x), 0<x<1 occurs as the distribution of the product of two independent beta variables. In this article, a multivariate generalization of this distribution is defined and its properties are derived.