Synthesis of Valganciclovir Hydrochloride Congeners

Valganciclovir hydrochloride (1) is used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in patients with weakened immune systems. Valganciclovir hydrochloride is a hydrochloride salt of L-valyl ester of ganciclovir (2) that exists as a mixture of two diastereomers. According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration specifications, the diastereomeric ratio of valganciclovir hydrochloride 1 should be maintained in the range 55:45 to 45:55. According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration specifications, the diastereomeric ratio of valganciclovir hydrochloride 1 should be maintained in the range 55:45 to 45:55. During the process development of valganciclovir hydrochloride, six related substances (impurities) were observed along with the final active pharmaceutical ingredient. Among these six impurities, ganciclovir (2) and guanine (3) are the key starting materials and degraded impurities of ganciclovir, respectively. The remaining four impurities were identified as isovalganciclovir hydrochloride (4), methoxymethylguanine (5), O-acetoxy ganciclovir (6), and isovalarylganciclovir (7). The present work describes the synthesis and characterization of these four impurities.     

1-Phenyl-2-pyrrolidinyl-cyclopentylamine via Thermal Rearrangement

Thermal rearrangement of aminoimine, 1, followed by hydrogenation produced 1-phenyl-2-pyrrolidinyl cyclopentylamine 3. The structure and stereochemistry of this novel amine 4 was identified by x-ray crystallography of the 2-chloro-6-iodo-nicotinamide derivative as a hydrogen maleate salt.

Metal free montmorillonite KSF clay catalyzed practical synthesis of benzoxazoles and benzothiazoles under aerobic conditions

An efficient method for the synthesis of benzoxazoles and benzothiazoles via montmorillonite KSF clay catalyzed condensation reaction between 2-aminophenols or 2-aminothiophenols and β-diketones is reported. The efficiency of the reaction reflects from the wide substrate scope with electronic differentiation on aryls. The reaction is metal free and proceeds without the exclusion of air or moisture, and further the catalyst can be recycled up to 3–5 catalytic cycles.     

Copper Based Nanoparticles-Catalyzed Organic Transformations

Copper (Cu) based nanoparticles mediated organic transformations have been focused worldwide because these methodologies afford industrially important fine chemicals under mild conditions. Moreover, Cu is environment friendly and relatively inexpensive. This review highlights the important developments of Cu based nanocatalysts for organic transformations.     

Growth and physical properties of a new chiral open-framework crystal for NLO applications: Cesium hydrogen l-malate monohydrate

Cesium hydrogen l-malate monohydrate, CsH(C₄H₄O₅)·H₂O, is a new chiral open-framework semi-organic crystalline material with a second-harmonic generation efficiency one order of magnitude greater than KDP. Single crystals of this new material have been grown by the conventional slow cooling technique from aqueous solution. Grown crystals display both platy and prismatic morphologies depending on the imposed supersaturation. Hardness values measured using Vickers hardness indenter show considerable anisotropy. The resistivity behavior at room temperature and above, places the crystal between an ionic conductor and a dielectric. The single-crystal SHG efficiency estimated through Maker fringes experiment gives d_eff which is 4.24 times that of KDP. Single and multiple shot experiments performed on the grown crystals for the fundamental and second harmonic of pulsed Nd:YAG laser (1064 and 532 nm) show that it exhibits a high laser damage threshold which is a favorable property for nonlinear optical applications.