Bestimmung der Überġanġsfunktion eines Reġelkreises aus dessen frequenzġanġ

Summary A practical method for determining the transient responsef(t) of an automatic control system from the frequency responseF() is given. The real and imaginary part ofF()/ each are approximated by a series of auxiliary functions () with known corresponding time functions. A table of the most useful of these correspondences is included.The resulting transient response is obtained as one of the two sums equation (10a) or equation (10b) according to the choice of the real or imaginary part of the frequency response as the point of departure.As an example the frequency response with the imaginary part given in figure 1 is transformed to the transient response shown in figure 2 using the six auxiliary functions indicated in figure 1.     

Electric field gradients probed by μ+SR in Sc and \alpha\mbox-ScH_x solid solutions

In Sc and \alpha\mbox-ScH_x below 40 K two μ⁺ states are formed: a tunnelling state extending over two adjacent tetrahedral (T) interstices sharing one face in the ab‐plane of the hcp host lattice and a static μ⁺–Sc–H configuration analog to the T‐pair state formed by two H atoms across a Sc site along the crystalline c‐axis. This explains perfectly the high transverse‐field (TF) μSR measurements at low temperature and allows a qualitative understanding of the temperature dependence. The modelling of the low TF measurements requires in addition the consideration of the electric field gradient (EFG) components acting on the Sc nuclei near the μ⁺, i.e., of the radial EFG due to the μ⁺ and of the axially symmetric crystal field. The magnetic field dependence of the anisotropic μ⁺SR relaxation rate is strongly influenced by the H‐concentration in the solid solution system. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

α-Chlor-nitrone I: Darstellung und Ag+-induzierte Reaktion mit Olefinen. Über synthetische Methoden, 5. (vorläufige) Mitteilung

Organic synthesis may be said to be in need of enophiles, i.e. reagents that would undergo cycloaddition reactions with any isolated olefinic double bond, in contrast to most of the classical Diels-Alder or 1,3-dipolar addition reagents which, as a rule, require activated olefins in order to participate smoothly in cycloaddition processes. This paper introduces α-chloronitrones as precursors of a new class of such reagents; they undergo an Ag⁺-induced reaction with unactivated olefins with great ease to give products considered to result from 1,4-cycloadditions of N-alkyl-N-vinyl-nitrosonium ions to the carbon-carbon double bond (see scheme 2). This process is believed to have a number of synthetic applications, two of them being illustrated in two subsequent communications.     

Development,validation, and application of a novel LC-MS/MS trace analysis method for the simultaneous quantification of seven iodinated X-ray contrast media and three artificial sweeteners in surface,ground, and drinking water

A new method for the simultaneous determination of iodated X-ray contrast media (ICM) and artificial sweeteners (AS) by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) operated in positive and negative ionization switching mode was developed. The method was validated for surface, ground, and drinking water samples. In order to gain higher sensitivities, a 10-fold sample enrichment step using a Genevac EZ-2 plus centrifugal vacuum evaporator that provided excellent recoveries (90?±?6 %) was selected for sample preparation. Limits of quantification below 10 ng/L were obtained for all compounds. Furthermore, sample preparation recoveries and matrix effects were investigated thoroughly for all matrix types. Considerable matrix effects were observed in surface water and could be compensated by the use of four stable isotope-labeled internal standards. Due to their persistence, fractions of diatrizoic acid, iopamidol, and acesulfame could pass the whole drinking water production process and were observed also in drinking water. To monitor the fate and occurrence of these compounds, the validated method was applied to samples from different stages of the drinking water production process of the Industrial Works of Basel (IWB). Diatrizoic acid was found as the most persistent compound which was eliminated by just 40 % during the whole drinking water treatment process, followed by iopamidol (80 % elimination) and acesulfame (85 % elimination). All other compounds were completely restrained and/or degraded by the soil and thus were not detected in groundwater. Additionally, a direct injection method without sample preparation achieving 3–20 ng/L limits of quantification was compared to the developed method.     

Simultaneous trace determination of nine organic UV-absorbing compounds (UV filters) in environmental samples

A new sensitive method has been successfully developed and validated for the simultaneous determination and quantification of nine estrogenic UV filters (benzophenone-1, benzophenone-2, benzophenone-3, benzophenone-4, 4,4-dihydroxybenzophenone, ethyl-4-aminobenzoate, 2-ethyl-hexyl-4-trimethoxycinnamate, 3-(4-methylbenzylidene)-camphor, 3-benzylidene-camphor) in different environmental matrices. After optimisation of extraction conditions for the best recovery of polar to lipophilic compounds from fish tissue and a subsequent lipid clean-up in HPLC, fish extraction recoveries exceeded 72% for all nine UV filters. Identification and quantification of compounds was performed for lipophilic UV filters with gas chromatography-electroionisation-mass spectrometry and for polar and mid-polar compounds with liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. Instrumental detection limits (IDL) varied between 5 and 260 pg injected and method detection limits (MDL) were in the low ng/g lipids range for all test compounds. The described analytical methods are shown to be useful to screen for estrogenic UV filters in environmental samples such as fish and polar organic chemical integrative samplers.