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33.
H. E. Hansen R. Talja H. Rajainmäki H. K. Nielsen B. Nielsen R. M. Nieminen 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》1985,36(2):81-92
Molybdenum single crystals are irradiated at 20 K with 6 MeV protons. The radiation damage and lattice defect annealing is studied by positron lifetime spectroscopy in the temperature range from 15 to 720 K. Loss of vacancies due to recombination with mobile interstitials is observed at 40 K (Stage I) in agreement with resistivity measurements. This is the first time Stage I is observed by positrons below 77 K. The implanted hydrogen decorates the vacancies around 100 K, which is consistent with a hydrogen migration energy in molybdenum:E
M
H
= 0.3–0.4 eV. Clustering of spatially correlated vacancies takes place in a wide temperature region below the usual vacancy clustering stage (Stage III). Stage III is observed at rather low temperatures (400–480 K) due to the very high vacancy concentration. Hydrogen bound to vacancies and vacancy clusters is released above 540 K, which puts an upper limit to the hydrogen binding energy:E
B
H
1.4 eV. The present work emphasizes the advantage of employing a vacancy sensitive technique to study hydrogen in metals, where its intrinsic solubility is low. In such metals (as molybdenum) both the effective solubility and the effective mobility of hydrogen are strongly influenced by the presence of vacancies. 相似文献
34.
The acid catalysed dienone-phenol rearrangement of methyl substituted o-propargyl-cyclohexadienones (scheme 3) was investigated. The rearrangements were carried out in acetic anhydride containing about 10/00 sulfuric acid. Under these conditions acetoxy benzenium ions are formed as intermediates. These then undergo charge-controlled [3s, 4s]- and [1s, 2s]-sigmatropic rearrangements. Thus, the [3s, 4s]-process leads to the formation of the corresponding allenyl-phenol acetates ( 19 , 21 , 23 , 25 , 28 , 30 ) whereas the [1s, 2s]-process yields propargyl-phenol acetates ( 20 , 22 , 24 , 26 , 29 ), respectively (cf. scheme 4). 相似文献
35.
Studies of dispersion patterns in nonsegmented streams, flowing through narrow open tubes, show that it is possible to obtain highly reproducible concentration gradients within a sample zone injected into the moving stream. By varying the geometry of the flow path, low, medium and high dispersion patterns can be achieved; the high dispersion pattern forms the basis for a new approach to continuous flow titrimetry. In this type of titration, discrete samples are passed through a gradient device and are then mixed with a continuously flowing stream of titrant of fixed concentration. The new technique has been tested for potentiometric as well as spectrophotometric end-point indication. A simple one-channel system allows titrations to be performed automatically in less than 1 min. 相似文献
36.
We report the first application of pulsed resonance Raman spectroscopy to the study of short-lived free radicals produced by pulse radiolysis. A single pulse from a flash-lamp pumped tunable dye laser is used to excite the resonance Raman spectrum of the p-terphenyl anion radical with an initial concentration of 4 × 10?5 moles per liter and a half life of 2 μs. The spectrum is recorded by an optical multichannel system consisting of an image intensifier coupled to a TV-camera. 相似文献
37.
The electronic structure and spectrum of pyrrole have been studied using the semiempirical LCAO SCF MO method. With configuration interaction included, low excited singlet states are calculated to occur at 5.98 ev, 6,74 ev, 7,33 ev, and 8,20 ev, in good agreement with the experimental values of about 5.88 ev, 6.77 ev, and 7,21 ev. The dipole moment of the molecule is calculated to 1.84 D, to be compared with the experimental value 1.80 D. Tables of coreattraction integrals for combinations of carbon and nitrogen atoms are presented.
Zusammenfassung Elektronenstruktur und -spektrum des Pyrrols wurden nach, der halbempirischen LCAO SCF MO-Methode untersucht. Unter Einschluß der Konfigurationenwechselwirkung wurden niedrigliegende angeregte Singulettniveaus bei 5,98, 6,74, 7,33 und 8,20 eV (über dem Grundzustand) errechnet, in guter Übereinstimmung mit den experimentellen Werten von etwa 5,88, 6,77 und 7,21 eV. Das Dipolmoment des Moleküls ergibt sich zu 1,84 D, bei einem experimentellen Wert von 1,80 D.Tabellen von (sphärischen) Rumpf-Elektron-Integralen für alle vier Kombinationen von C und N werden angegeben.
Résumé La structure et le spectre électroniques du pyrrole ont été étudiés à l'aide de la méthode sémiempirique LCAO SCF MO. L'interaction de configurations inclue, le calcul donne des états excités à 5,98, 6,74, 7,33 et 8,20 eV (au-dessus de l'état fondamental), en bon accord avec les valeurs expérimentales de 5,88, 6,77 et 7,21 eV. Le moment dipolaire calculé de la molécule est 1,84 D, l'expérience donnant 1,80 D. Des tables d'intégrales d'attraction entre un coeur sphérique et un électron d'un autre atome sont données pour les quatre combinaisons d'atomes C et N.相似文献
38.
S. A. Catlow G. L. Troyer D. R. Hansen R. A. Jones 《Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry》2005,263(3):599-603
Summary Long-term risk assessment of residual and disposed nuclear fuel reprocessing waste requires good knowledge of component isotopes with long half-lives. For example, the accuracy of the accepted 126Sn half-life of approximately 100,000 years is insufficient for desired risk assessments. From modeling and sampling, 126Sn is known to exist in Hanford nuclear waste. Excess portions of waste characterization samples were used to isolate 126Sn for measurement of its half-life. Isolation was performed with ion-exchange resins. The resulting 126Sn was gamma-assayed with a hyperpure germanium spectrometer for decay photon identification and activity values. An inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometer was used to measure the atom quantity of the isolated 126Sn. The separation chemistry, observed gamma energies, and calculated half-life are presented. The half-life of 126Sn estimated in this work is (2.33±0.10) . 105 years. 相似文献
39.
1-cis, 2-cis-Dipropenylbenzene (cis, cis- 1 ) isomerises thermally at 215–235° with 1st order kinetics to give trans, cis- 1 and vice versa. At equilibrium 89% trans, cis- and 11% cis, cis- 1 are present. It is shown by thermal rearrangement of cis, cis-2′, 2″-d2- 1 that the isomerisation is attributable to aromatic [1, 7a]-sigmatropic H-shifts. trans, trans- 1 rearranges thermally at 225–245° to yield 2, 3-dimethyl-1, 2-dihydronaphthalene ( 2 ). The formation of 2 can be visualized by disrotatory ring closure followed by an aromatic [1, 5s]-sigmatropic H-shift. 2 is also formed when, cis, cis- or trans, cis- 1 are heated for 153 h at 225°. Besides 2 a small amount (3%) of 1-ethyl-1, 2-dihydronaphthalene ( 5 ) is formed. The rearrangement of trans, trans- 1 and trans, trans-2′, 2″-d2- 1 shows a secondary isotope effect kH/kD = 0,90. 相似文献
40.
Free energy perturbation calculations were performed to determine the free energy of binding associated with the presence of perhaps an unusual hydroxyl group in the transition state analog of nebularine, an inhibitor of the enzyme adenosine deaminase. The presence of a single hydroxyl group in this inhibitor has been found to contribute ?9.8 kcal/mol to the free energy of binding, with a 108-fold increase in the binding affinity by the enzyme. In this work, we calculate the difference in solvation free energy for the 1,6-dihydropurine complex versus that of the 6-hydroxyl-1,6-dihydropurine complex to determine if this marked increase in binding affinity is attributed to an unusually hydrophobic hydroxyl group. The calculated ΔG associated for the solvation free energy is ?11.8 kcal/mol. This large change in the solvation free energy suggests that this hydroxyl is instead unusually hydrophilic and that the difference in free energy of interaction for the two inhibitors to the enzyme must be at least ca. 20 kcal/mol. Although the crystal structure for adenosine deaminase is currently not known, we attempt to mimic the nature of the active site by constructing models which simulate the enzyme-inhibitor complex. We present a first attempt at determining the change in free energy of binding for a system in which structural data for the enzyme is incomplete. To do this, we construct what we believe is a minimal model of the binding between adenosine deaminase and an inhibitor. The active site is simulated as a single charged carboxyl group which can form a hydrogen bond with the hydroxyl group of the analog. Two different carboxyl anion models are used. In the first model, the association is modeled between an acetic acid anion and the modified inhibitor. The second model consists of a hydrophobic amino acid pocket with an interior Glu residue in the active site. From these models we calculate the change in free energy of association and the overall change in free energy of binding. We calculate the free energies of interaction both in the absence and presence of water. We conclude from this that the presence of a single suitably placed-CO?2 group probably cannot explain the binding effect of the-OH group and that additional interactions will be found in the adenosine deaminase active site. 相似文献