Common pool resources with support

We examine the role of support for coalition stability in common pool resource games such as fisheries games. Some players may not want to join a coalition that jointly manages a resource. Still, because they benefit from spillovers, they may want to support the coalition with a transfer payment to set incentives for others to join. We find that the impact of support on equilibria of this game is limited to games with three or five players. Recommendations for Resource Managers

• Coalitions may be able to effectively manage common pool resources such as fisheries but such coalitions are often not stable due to free-rider incentives.
• We explore the impact of a transfer scheme that can improve this coalition stability which would lead to larger and more effective coalitions.
• Our results show that this new transfer scheme works only for cases where the number of players is small.

     

Temperature-Dependent Surface Enrichment Effects in Binary Mixtures of Fluorinated and Non-Fluorinated Ionic Liquids

Using angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ARXPS), we investigate the topmost nanometers of various binary ionic liquid (IL) mixtures at different temperatures in the liquid state. The mixtures consist of ILs with the same [PF₆]⁻ anion but two different cations, namely 3-methyl-1-(3,3,4,4,4-pentafluorobutyl)imidazolium hexafluorophosphate, [PFBMIm][PF₆], and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, [C₄C₁Im][PF₆], with 10, 25, 50 and 75 mol % content of [PFBMIm][PF₆]. We observe a preferential enrichment of the fluorinated chain in the topmost layer, relative to the bulk composition, which is most pronounced for the lowest content of [PFBMIm][PF₆]. Upon cooling the mixtures stepwise from 95 °C until surface charging effects in XPS indicate solidification, we observe a pronounced increase in surface enrichment of the fluorinated chain with decreasing temperature in the liquid state. In contrast to the mixtures with lower [PFBMIm][PF₆] contents, cooling the 75 mol % mixture additionally shows an abrupt decrease of the fluorinated chain signal before complete solidification occurs, which is assigned to partial precipitation effects.     

Infima of quasi-uniform anti-atoms

Let (q(X),⊆) denote the lattice consisting of the set q(X) of all quasi-uniformities on a set X, ordered by set-theoretic inclusion ⊆. We observe that a quasi-uniformity on X is the supremum of atoms of (q(X),⊆) if and only if it is totally bounded and transitive. Each quasi-uniformity on X that is totally bounded or has a linearly ordered base is shown to be the infimum of anti-atoms of (q(X),⊆). Furthermore, each quasi-uniformity U on X such that the topology of the associated supremum uniformity Us is resolvable has the latter property.     

On saddlepoints of two-person zero-sum games with applications to data verification tests

A set of sufficient conditions for the existence of saddlepoint strategies of two-person zero-sum games is given which may be described as follows: The set of pure strategies for one of the two players is a compact metric space. His opponent has a best answer to each randomized strategy. The payoff function satisfies a continuity condition concerning the weak convergence of probability measures. These conditions are neither covered by those of well known existence theorems for saddlepoints nor do they generalize them. They are applied to treat important practical problems that have not been solved before. Received November 1995/Revised version August 1998