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981.
M S Sommers D B Moody C A Prosen W C Stebbins 《The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America》1992,91(6):3499-3510
These studies investigated formant frequency discrimination by Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) using an AX discrimination procedure and techniques of operant conditioning. Nonhuman subjects were significantly more sensitive to increments in the center frequency of either the first (F1) or second (F2) formant of single-formant complexes than to corresponding pure-tone frequency shifts. Furthermore, difference limens (DLs) for multiformant signals were not significantly different than those for single-formant stimuli. These results suggest that Japanese monkeys process formant and pure-tone frequency increments differentially and that the same mechanisms mediate formant frequency discrimination in single-formant and vowel-like complexes. The importance of two of the cues available to mediate formant frequency discrimination, changes in the phase and the amplitude spectra of the signals, was investigated by independently manipulating these two parameters. Results of the studies indicated that phase cues were not a significant feature of formant frequency discrimination by Japanese macaques. Rather, subjects attended to relative level changes in harmonics within a narrow frequency range near F1 and F2 to detect formant frequency increments. These findings are compared to human formant discrimination data and suggest that both species rely on detecting alterations in spectral shape to discriminate formant frequency shifts. Implications of the results for animal models of speech perception are discussed. 相似文献
982.
Granular films prepared from well-defined In clusters embedded in Kr (? 10-40 at % Kr) show sharp resistance anomalies very close to the superconducting transition temperature. The observed resistance peak(s), which go(es) above the normal state resistance RN and which can be as high as ? 1.5 RN, can be explained by a “mesoscopic” effect: Superconducting percolation aggregates of size ξρ, larger than the superconducting coherence length ξS, but smaller than the quasiparticle relaxation length λQ*, have a superconducting gap, but are not yet able to carry a supercurrent. 相似文献
983.
Saraph G.P. Antonsen T.M. Jr. Levush B. Lin G.I. 《IEEE transactions on plasma science. IEEE Nuclear and Plasma Sciences Society》1992,20(3):115-125
The problem of mode competition in a high-power gyrotron oscillator is considered. The regions of parameter space in which a preexisting large-amplitude mode is able to suppress competing satellites are determined for cases in which the coupling coefficients and cavity quality factors for the operating and satellite modes are different. In addition, the effect of beam quality on the regimes of stable single-mode operation is investigated. Generally speaking, the requirement of stable operation favors devices whose interaction length measured by the parameter μ is not too large. It is found that for μ near 10 the operation is relatively stable and μ near 17 is not 相似文献
984.
985.
The approach of formal differential geometry to the topological invariants which can be localized is developed. The universal space and universal characteristic forms are constructed. They give rise to primary and secondary characteristic forms. 相似文献
986.
We consider the minimum number of edges in ak-edge-connected graph of ordern with chromatic number at leastc, obtaining the optimal bounds in most cases. 相似文献
987.
Sulfide cluster-derived ensembles are promising models of the active sites in commercial hydrotreatment catalysts. A series of sulfide clusters were adsorbed intact onto high-surface-area γ-alumina, magnesium oxide and activated carbon supports, then pretreated to produce highly dispersed catalytic ensembles with sizes similar to those of their precursor clusters. The activities of the bimetallic cluster-derived catalysts were significantly higher than those of the monometallic catalysts. We took this as evidence that direct interactions between molybdenum and the promoter element cause the promotional effect observed in commercial hydrotreatment catalysts. The hydrodesulfurization and hydrodenitrogenation activities correlated with the extent of molybdenum reduction. Our results suggested that the active sites in promoted hydrotreatment catalysts are centered on molecular-scale ensembles containing molybdenum, sulfur and the promoter element. 相似文献
988.
989.
The following is a conjecture of Ulam: In any partition of the integer lattice on the plane into uniformly bounded sets, there exists a set that is adjacent to at least six other sets. Two sets are adjacent if each contain a vertex of the same unit square. This problem is generalized as follows. Given any uniformly bounded partitionP of the vertex set of an infinite graphG with finite maximum degree, letP
(G) denote the graph obtained by letting each set of the partition be a vertex ofP
(G) where two vertices ofP
(G) are adjacent if and only if the corresponding sets have an edge between them. The Ulam number ofG is defined as the minimum of the maximum degree ofP
(G) where the minimum is taken over all uniformly bounded partitionsP. We have characterized the graphs with Ulam number 0, 1, and 2. Restricting the partitions of the vertex set to connected subsets, we obtain the connected Ulam number ofG. We have evaluated the connected Ulam numbers for several infinite graphs. For instance we have shown that the connected Ulam number is 4 ifG is an infinite grid graph. We have settled the Ulam conjecture for the connected case by proving that the connected Ulam number is 6 for an infinite triangular grid graph. The general Ulam conjecture is equivalent to proving that the Ulam number of the infinite triangular grid graph equals 6. We also describe some interesting geometric consequences of the Ulam number, mainly concerning good drawings of infinite graphs. 相似文献
990.
Thermotropic copolyester fibers of oxynaphthoate and oxybenzoate have been subjected to conditions that promote solid-state polymerization as well as annealing. The annealing process causes the crystals to perfect with a simultaneous increase in heat of fusion and melting temperature. Solid-state polymerization, a reaction rate-controlled process, causes the polymer viscosity average molecular weight to increase by chain extension from about 14,000 g/mole to more than 87,000 g/mole with a simultaneous impressive increase in tenacity from about 10 g/d (1.2 GPa) to almost 30 g/d (3.7 GPa). To understand the changes in mechanical properties, we have modeled the fiber structure as short rod-like molecules poorly bonded to a continuous matrix of parallel molecules. Lengthening of the reinforcing molecules facilitates better transfer of load from matrix to molecules, resulting in higher tenacity fibers. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献