On a thermodynamic limitation of the water-gas potentiometry using solid electrolyte cells

Possibilities of the water-gas potentiometry using oxide ion-conducting solid electrolytes may be restricted by side reactions in the gas being analyzed. Changes in electrode potentials caused by simultaneous interfering equilibria in the water gas were investigated over a temperature range 1200 to 400°C for different initial gas compositions. Formation reactions of carbon and methane proved to be the side reactions which can be responsible for potential changes. Limits for the use of the analytical method are shown by graphs with deviations from the ideal values.77th report on oxide ion-conducting solid electrolytes and their possibilities of application; 76. see cfi/Ber. DKG (in press)     

Characterization and quantification of anthocyanins in selected artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) cultivars by HPLC–DAD–ESI–MS n

The anthocyanin pattern of artichoke heads (Cynara scolymus L.) has been investigated by high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. For this purpose a suitable extraction and liquid chromatographic method was developed. Besides the main anthocyanins—cyanidin 3,5-diglucoside, cyanidin 3-glucoside, cyanidin 3,5-malonyldiglucoside, cyanidin 3-(3′′-malonyl)glucoside, and cyanidin 3-(6′′-malonyl)glucoside—several minor compounds were identified. Among these, two peonidin derivatives and one delphinidin derivative were characterized on the basis of their fragmentation patterns. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report on anthocyanins in artichoke heads consisting of aglycones other than those of cyanidin. Quantification of individual compounds was performed by external calibration. Cyanidin 3-(6′′-malonyl)glucoside was found to be the major anthocyanin in all the samples analyzed. Total anthocyanin content ranged from 8.4 to 1,705.4 mg kg⁻¹ dry mass.      

Biocatalytic deuterium- and hydrogen-transfer using over-expressed ADH-'A': enhanced stereoselectivity and 2H-labeled chiral alcohols

Employing the over-expressed highly organic solvent tolerant alcohol dehydrogenase ADH-'A' from Rhodococcus ruber DSM 44541, versatile building blocks, which were not accessible by the wild type catalyst, were obtained in > 99% e.e.; furthermore, employing d8-2-propanol as deuterium source, stereoselective biocatalytic deuterium transfer was made feasible to furnish enantiopure deuterium labeled sec-alcohols on a preparative scale employing a single enzyme.     

Physics of evolution: Selection without fitness

Traditionally evolution is seen as a process where from a pool of possible variations of a population (e.g. biological species or industrial goods) a few variations get selected which survive and proliferate, whereas the others vanish. Survival probabilities and proliferation rates are typically associated with the ‘fitness’ of particular variations. In this paper we argue that the notion of fitness is an a posteriori concept, in the sense that one can assign higher fitness to species that survive but one can generally not derive or predict fitness per se. Proliferation rates can be measured, whereas fitness landscapes, i.e. the inter-dependence of proliferation rates, cannot. For this reason we think that in a physical theory of evolution such notions should be avoided. In this spirit, here we propose a random matrix model of evolution where selection mechanisms are encoded in interaction matrices of species, thereby extending the previous work of ours by a control parameter describing suppressors in the system. We are able to recover some key facts of evolution dynamics endogenously, such as punctuated equilibrium, i.e. the existence of intrinsic large extinction events, and, at the same time, periods of dramatic diversification, as known e.g. from the fossil record. Further, we comment on two fundamental technical problems of a ‘physics of evolution’, the non-closedness of its phase space and the problem of co-evolving boundary conditions, apparent in all systems subject to evolution.     

Rank one transformations with singular spectral type

We show that a certain class of measures arising from generalized Riesz products is singular. In particular, cutting and stacking (i.e. rank one) transformations whose cuts do not grow too rapidly, have singular maximal spectral type. The precise condition is , wherew _h is the number of cuts at stagen. Supported by a Canada NSERC grant. Supported by an NSF grant.     

Anwendungen des Kationenaustausches in der Analyse

Zusammenfassung Die unterschiedlichen Affinitäten der Kationen zu dem Austauscherharz Wofatit KS werden untersucht und relative Zahlen dafür angegeben. Die dabei festgestellten größeren Unterschiede zwischen Lithium, Natrium und Kalium sowie zwischen Cadmium und Zink werden benutzt, um durch Eluieren derartiger gemischter Belegungen aus einer Austauschersäule mit verdünnter Säure diese Kationen voneinander zu trennen. Eine hierfür entwickelte Leitfähigkeitsmeßapparatur gestattet es, derartige Trenndiagramme registrierend aufzunehmen, die nach voraufgegangener Eichung einer quantitativen Auswertung zugänglich sind.I. M. Mitteilung diese Z. 132, 241 (1951); II. Mitteilung diese Z. 132, 321 (1951).Herrn Dr. Krüger, dem Leiter des Untersuchungslaboratoriums der Chemischen Werke Hüls, G. m. b. H., bin ich für seine wertvollen Anregungen und Ratschläge, durch die die vorliegende Arbeit stark gefördert wurde, zu großem Dank verpflichtet.